Tannenberg Village on the Masurian Lakes in eastern Prussia. Scene of the first
major clash of arms between Germany and Russia during the First
World War. The Battle of Tannenberg (27-30 August 1914) ended in
an overwhelming victory for the Germans, who killed, wounded or
captured more than 150,000 Russian soldiers. It also avenged the
legendary defeat of the German Teutonic Knights at the hands of
Slav forces more than five centuries earlier in 1410.
Tannenberg memorial German memorial commemorating the dead from the Battle of Tannenberg
in August 1914. Unveiled in 1927, it contains the tombs of 20 unknown
soldiers who died on the Eastern Front during the First World War.
in western Galicia. Austro-German forces under Mackensen launched
a successful offensive against the Russian army between Tarnow and
the nearby town of Gorlice on 2 May 1915.
Taylor, A J P
(1906-90) British historian. Author of The Struggle for the
Mastery of Europe, 1848-1918 (1954), which blamed the outbreak
of the First World War on Germany's aggressive aspirations for continental
Term used to describe men who were temporarily promoted
to officer class during the First World War.
Territorial Force(TF) Created in 1907 as the main standing reserve formation for the British
armed forces. It subsequently became the Territorial Army (TA).
Territorial Force Nursing Service
(TFNS) Formed in 1908 to provide medical support to the Territorial
Tigris, River River in SW Asia, rising in southern Turkey and flowing south-east
through Baghdad to meet the River Euphrates in SE Iraq, from where
the two rivers flow on into the Persian Gulf.
(Togo) German colony in NW Africa. Scene of one of the earliest
skirmishes of the First World War, when Allied troops forced the
surrender of a small German force at Kamina on 26 August 1914. The
territory was then divided into British and French spheres of control
for the rest of the war.
Charles (1861-1924) Indian army officer who led the early
successes of Anglo-Indian forces in Mesopotamia (1914-15). After
defeat at the Battle of Ctesiphon (22-26 November 1915), however,
he was forced to retreat with his men to Kut-al-Amara. After the
surrender of British forces there in April 1916, he spent the rest
of the war in comfortable captivity near Constantinople, before
helping to broker armistice negotiations between Turkey and Britain
at Mudros in late October 1918.
Toynbee, Arnold (1889-1975)
British historian. Author of the 1915 book Armenian Atrocities:
The murder of a nation.
Trade blockade Naval strategy adopted by Britain and its allies on the outbreak
of war in August 1914, by which a concerted attempt was made to
strangle all overseas supplies of foodstuffs and raw material to
Germany and its allies. Known in Germany as the 'hunger blockade'.
Transcaucasia Territory straddling the Caucasus mountains that separated Ottoman
Turkey from the Russian empire. Representatives of the main population
groups in the region - Armenians, Azerbaijanis and Georgians - formed
the Federal Republic of Transcaucasia in September 1917. It was,
however, abolished in May 1918, as the independence movements were
crushed by Bolshevik and Turkish forces.
Trans-Siberian railway Railway stretching across the eastern Russian province of Siberia.
Guarded from May 1918 by Allied forces determined to protect their
war supplies from Bolshevik incursions.
Town on the Black Sea in the Ottoman province of Armenia, now known
as Trabzon. Almost 17,000 of its Armenian inhabitants were massacred
by Turkish troops in July 1915.
'Trench foot' Form of frostbite affecting the feet of people standing for long
periods in cold water. A common affliction in the trenches on the
Western Front during the First World War.
Trianon, Treaty of Allied peace treaty with Hungary, signed on 4 June 1920. The delay
in concluding terms was due to the Communist seizure of power in
the country in March 1919 and the subsequent dictatorship of Béla
Triple Alliance Alliance of Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy in early 20th-century
Informal alliance of Britain, France and Russia in early 20th-century
Trotsky, Leon (1879-1940)
Leading Bolshevik politician. Led the Soviet negotiations for a
separate peace with Germany that were concluded at Brest-Litovsk
in March 1918 and, from 1919 onwards, successfully organised the
Red Army in its struggle against the counter-revolutionary 'Whites'.
(Tsintao, Qingdao) German port and fortress on the eastern
coast of China. Surrendered to Anglo-Japanese forces on 7 November
1914 after a week-long bombardment.