Get To Know These 9 Hormones That Control Fat Storage And Tips To Improve Their Functions
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Your weight is largely controlled by hormones. Research shows that hormones influence your appetite and how much fat you store 1, 2, 3. Here are 9 ways to “fix” the 9 hormones that control fat storage:
9 Hormones That Control Fat Storage
Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of your pancreas. It’s secreted in small amounts throughout the day and in larger amounts after meals.
Insulin allows your cells to take in blood sugar for energy or storage, depending on what is needed at the time. Insulin is also the main fat storage hormone in the body. It tells fat cells to store fat, and prevents stored fat from being broken down.
When cells are insulin resistant (very common), both blood sugar and insulin levels go up significantly.
Here are some tips to normalize insulin levels and improve insulin sensitivity:
- Avoid or minimize sugar: High amounts of fructose and sucrose promote insulin resistance and raise insulin levels 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15.
- Reduce carbohydrates: A low-carb diet can cause an immediate drop in insulin levels 16, 17, 18, 19.
- Fill up on protein: Protein actually raises insulin in the short-term. However, it should lead to long-term reductions in insulin resistance by helping you lose belly fat 20, 21.
- Include plenty of healthy fats: Omega-3 fats found in fatty fish can help lower fasting insulin levels 22.
- Exercise regularly: Overweight women who walked briskly or jogged had an improvement in insulin sensitivity after 14 weeks in one study 23, 24, 25.
- Get enough magnesium: Insulin resistant people are often low in magnesium, and magnesium supplements can improve insulin sensitivity 26, 27, 28.
- Drink green tea: Green tea may lower blood sugar and insulin levels 29, 30.
Bottom Line: Insulin is the main fat storage hormone in the body. Reducing sugar intake, cutting carbs and exercise are the best ways to lower insulin levels.
Leptin is produced by your fat cells. It’s considered a “satiety hormone” that reduces appetite and makes you feel full.
As a signaling hormone, its role is to communicate with the hypothalamus, the portion of your brain that regulates appetite and food intake.
Leptin tells the brain that there’s enough fat in storage and no more is needed, which helps prevent overeating.
People who are overweight or obese usually have very high levels of leptin in their blood. In fact, one study found that leptin levels in obese people were 4 times higher than in people of normal weight 31.
If leptin reduces appetite, then obese people with high levels of leptin should start eating less and lose weight. Unfortunately, in obesity the leptin system doesn’t work as it should. This is referred to as leptin resistance.
In essence, your brain thinks it is starving, so you’re driven to eat.
Leptin levels are also reduced when you lose weight, which is one of the main reasons it is so hard to maintain weight loss in the long-term. The brain thinks you are starving, and pushes you to eat more 34, 35, 36.
Here are a few suggestions for improving leptin sensitivity:
- Avoid inflammatory foods: Limit foods that cause inflammation, especially sugary drinks and transfats.
- Eat certain foods: Eat more anti-inflammatory foods, such as fatty fish 42.
- Exercise regularly: Moderate activity can improve leptin sensitivity 43, 44, 45.
- Get enough sleep: Studies have shown that insufficient sleep leads to a drop in leptin levels and increased appetite 46, 47.
- Supplements: In one study, women on a weight-loss diet who took alpha-lipoic acid and fish oil lost more weight and had a smaller decrease in leptin than those in a control group 48.
Normally, ghrelin levels are highest before eating and lowest about an hour after you’ve had a meal. However, in overweight and obese people, fasting ghrelin levels are often lower than in people of normal weight 50, 51.
Studies also show that after obese people eat a meal, ghrelin only decreases slightly. Because of this, the hypothalamus doesn’t receive as strong of a signal to stop eating, which can lead to overeating 52.
Here are a few tips to improve the function of ghrelin:
- Sugar: Avoid high-fructose corn syrup and sugar-sweetened drinks, which can impair ghrelin response after meals 53, 54.
- Protein: Eating protein at every meal, especially breakfast, can reduce ghrelin levels and promote satiety 55, 56, 57, 58.
Bottom Line: Eating plenty of protein and avoiding foods and beverages high in sugar can help optimize ghrelin levels.
Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It’s known as a “stress hormone” because it’s released when your body senses stress.
However, a strict diet can also raise cortisol. In one study, women who consumed a low-calorie diet had higher cortisol levels and reported feeling more stressed than women who ate a normal diet 62.
These strategies can reduce cortisol levels:
- Balanced diet: Follow a balanced, real food-based diet. Don’t cut calories to extremely low levels.
- Meditate: Practicing meditation can significantly reduce cortisol production 63.
- Listen to music:. Researchers report that when soothing music is played during medical procedures, cortisol doesn’t rise as much 64, 65.
- Sleep more: One study found that when pilots lost 15 hours of sleep over the course of a week, their cortisol levels increased by 50-80% 66.
Estrogen is the most important female sex hormone. It is mainly produced by the ovaries, and is involved in regulating the female reproductive system.
Both very high and low levels of estrogen can lead to weight gain. This depends on age, action of other hormones, and overall state of health.
Obese women tend to have higher estrogen levels than normal weight women, and some researchers believe this is due to environmental influences 68.
During menopause, when estrogen levels drop because less is produced in the ovaries, the site for fat storage shifts from the hips and thighs to visceral fat in the abdomen. This promotes insulin resistance and increases disease risk 69, 70.
These nutrition and lifestyle strategies can help manage estrogen:
- Fiber: Eat plenty of fiber if you want to reduce estrogen levels 71, 72, 73.
- Cruciferous vegetables: Eating cruciferous vegetables may have beneficial effects on estrogen 74, 75.
- Flax seeds: Although the phytoestrogens in them are controversial, flax seeds appear to have beneficial effects on estrogen in most women 76, 77.
- Exercise: Physical activity can help normalize estrogen levels in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women 78, 79.
Bottom Line: When estrogen levels are too high or low, weight gain may occur. This depends on age and other hormonal factors.
6. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a hormone produced by cells in the brain and nervous system. It stimulates appetite, particularly for carbohydrates, and is highest during periods of fasting or food deprivation 80, 81, 82.
Recommendations for lowering NPY:
- Eat enough protein: Eating too little protein has been shown to increase release of NPY, which leads to hunger, increased food intake and weight gain 85.
- Don’t fast for too long: Animal studies have demonstrated that very long fasts, such as over 24 hours, can dramatically increase NPY levels 86, 87, 88.
- Soluble fiber: Eating plenty of soluble prebiotic fiber to feed the friendly bacteria in the gut may reduce NPY levels 89.
Bottom Line: Neuropeptide Y (NPY) stimulates hunger, particularly during fasting and times of stress. Protein and soluble fiber can help lower NPY.
7. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone produced in your gut when nutrients enter the intestines. GLP-1 plays a major role in keeping blood sugar levels stable, and also makes you feel full.
Researchers believe the decrease in appetite that occurs immediately after weight loss surgery is partly due to increased production of GLP-1 90.
In one study, men who were given a GLP-1 solution with breakfast reported feeling more satisfied and ended up eating 12% fewer calories at lunch 91.
Suggestions to increase GLP-1:
- Eat plenty of protein: High-protein foods like fish, whey protein and yogurt have been shown to increase GLP-1 levels and improve insulin sensitivity 92, 93, 94.
- Eat anti-inflammatory foods: Chronic inflammation is linked to reduced GLP-1 production 95.
- Leafy greens: In one study, women who consumed leafy green vegetables like spinach and kale experienced higher GLP-1 levels and lost more weight than the control group 96.
- Probiotics: In an animal study, a probiotic supplement increased GLP-1 levels, which led to a reduction in food intake 97.
Bottom Line: GLP-1 can decrease appetite and increase weight loss. Consuming a diet high in protein and greens can help boost your levels.
8. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Strategies to increase CCK:
- Protein: Eat plenty of protein at every meal 102.
- Healthy fat: Eating fat triggers the release of CCK 103.
- Fiber: In one study, when men ate a meal containing beans, their CCK levels rose twice as much as when they consumed a low-fiber meal 104.
Bottom Line: CCK is a hormone that reduces appetite and is produced when you eat protein, fat, and fiber.
9. Peptide YY (PYY)
Peptide YY (PYY) is another gut hormone that controls appetite. It is released by cells in the intestines and colon.
Strategies to increase PYY:
- Lower-carb diet: You should eat a lower-carb diet based on unprocessed foods in order to keep blood sugar levels stable. Elevated blood sugar may impair PYY’s effects 58, 107, 108.
- Protein: Eat plenty of protein from either animal or plant sources 58, 109.
- Fiber: Eat plenty of fiber 89, 110, 111.
Bottom Line: In order to increase PPY levels and reduce appetite, try avoiding processed carbohydrates and eating plenty of protein and fiber.
10. Anything Else?
Hormones work together to increase or decrease appetite and fat storage. If the system doesn’t work properly, you may find yourself struggling with weight issues on an ongoing basis.
Fortunately, diet and lifestyle changes can have powerful effects on these hormones.
This article is shared with permission from our friends at authoritynutrition.com.
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