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Shawneetown, city, seat (1812) of Gallatin county, southern Illinois, U.S. It lies about 10 miles (16 km) southwest of the confluence of the Wabash and Ohio rivers (there bridged to Kentucky). Ancient Native American burial mounds are located in the city, which was also the site of a Shawnee Indian village before American settlement at the beginning of the 19th century. The community was laid out in 1810 as a shipping point for the nearby salt springs. A land office was opened in 1812, and Shawneetown became the gateway to Illinois for settlers from the east, as well as a trading and financial centre. The state’s first bank opened in Shawneetown in 1816 (the 1839 bank building is preserved as a historic site), and the state’s second newspaper, the Illinois Emigrant, began publication there in 1818. At the time of Illinois statehood (1818), Shawneetown and Kaskaskia, then the state capital, were considered to be the two most important settlements in the state.
Shawneetown is located in a coal and oil producing region. Floods repeatedly devastated the area, and after the flood of 1937 the state began to move the buildings of Shawneetown some 3 miles (5 km) to the northwest. Some inhabitants refused to move, however, and in 1956 the remaining section of the original settlement was incorporated as Old Shawneetown. Shawnee National Forest is to the south. Inc. 1814. Pop. (2000) 1,410; (2010) 1,239.