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History of Psychology
Terms in this set (49)
What did Socrates believe?
That one must concentrate on self development more than material things.
What did Plato believe?
The perfect state would contain wisdom, courage, self discipline, and justice.
What did Aristotle believe?
Behavior is subject to rules and laws.
What did Hippocrates believe?
Behavior is not a punishment from the gods, but rather biologically based (humanism)
What happened for psychology during The Renaissance?
The birth of modern science in the west was formed with the scientific method. Ibnsina studies cognitive processes objectively in the east.
What is psychophysics?
Scientific study of relationships between stimuli and the sensations/perceptions provoked by these stimuli.
What is the value of psychophysics?
Psychophysics introduces a way to systematically study mental processes.
Who invented structuralism?
Wilhelm Wundt is credited with inventing this "school" of thought.
Who is considered the father of psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt- opens first psychology lab in 1879
What does the structuralist theory state?
This theory states that conscious theory breaks down into two distinct parts. 1) Objective Experience- what can be observed with the five senses. 2) Subjective Experience: emotional responses and mental imagery (including memories)
Who invented Gestalt psychology?
Max Wertheimer in the 1880s
What does Gestalt psychology theory say?
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts- emphasizes our tendency to automatically combine pieces of information into meaningful wholes. This disproves Wundt's structuralism theory.
What does the Phi Phenomenon prove?
If you break down conscious experience into 2 components the "whole" is lost
What is functionalism?
The study of psychology concerned with conscious experience and the belief that conscious experience is continuous.
Who invented functionalism?
William James in the 1890s
What does the functionalist theory state?
All behavior has a purpose and conscious experience doesn't not break down.
What are the six modern perspectives of psychology?
1) Psychoanalytic perspective
2) Behavioral perspective
3) Humanistic perspective
4) Cognitive perspective
5) Sociocultural perspective
6) Biological perspective
Who are the founder of the psychoanalytic perspective?
What is the focus of psychoanalytic perspective?
Unconscious motives and conflicts
What are the theoretical assertions of psychoanalytic perspective?
1) Unconscious drives (sex- Eros, aggression- Thanatos)
2) Unconscious conflicts (internal struggle between super ego and id)
What is the id vs super ego?
id- biological urges vs. super ego- morality & societal rules- both balanced out by ego- reality
What is psychoanalysis?
A form of therapy of self observation and reflection to gain control over behavior and though.t
What are three tools for self observation?
1) Free Association: an uncensored uttering of all thoughts that come to mind
2) Dream Analysis: interpretation of unconscious through his/her dreams
3) interpretation of unconscious through simple imagery and direct suggestion (games, hypnosis, story telling)
What are Rorschach inkblots?
Projective test (project feelings onto inkblots) created to prob the unconscious mind of patients (1921)
How do psychoanalytics affect phobias?
Unresolved inner conflicts can create phobias or irrational fears
Who is the founder of the behavioral perspective?
John B. Watson
What is the focus of behavioral perspective?
Learning through environmental conditioning
What are the theoretical assertions of behavioral perspective?
1) All behavior is the result of past experiences
2) Only observable should be the subject matter of psychology
Where did Watson get his inspiration?
Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning.
What is classical conditioning?
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. Ex: Little Albert and the rat
How did B.F. Skinner refine behaviorism in 1938?
He focused on how people are controlled by contingencies in their environment (operant conditioning)
What is operant conditioning?
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcement or diminished if followed by a punishment
Who is an influential leader of humanistic perspective?
What is the focus of the humanistic perspective?
Healthy people strive to reach their full potential (intrinsic motivations?
What are the theoretical assertions of the humanistic perspective?
1) Behavior is the result of people's choice to fulfill their self potentials or not (personal responsibility)
2) People must learn to recognize their needs by identifying with their inner identity and will power
3) Present functioning is most important- past is rarely examined
How can the humanistic perspective affect phobias?
One's love and belonging needs may be met by displaying fear
Who is an influential leader of the sociocultural perspective?
What is the main focus of the sociocultural perspective?
Behavior and thought are influenced by cultural factors
What are the theoretical assertions of the sociocultural perspective?
1) We are social creatures- we have a need to belong
2) 3 major types of social influence: obedience, conformity, and compliance
3) We have a social identity and an individual identity
4) Cultural values can influence to the extent to which social influence impacts one's behaviors
How can the sociocultural perspective affect phobias?
Language and description or environmental factors can have an affect.
Who is an influential leader of the cognitive perspective?
What is the focus of the cognitive perspective?
Information processing- how we input, store, and retrieve information
What are the theoretical assertions of the cognitive perspective?
1) Mental processes should be studied scientifically
2) Social and cultural factors influence our mental processes
3) Mental representations (schema) guide our behavior
How can the cognitive perspective affect phobias?
Things learned at a young age can be apart of the development of phobias.
Who is an influential leader of the biological perspective?
The Phineas Gage case study done by John Harlow was very influential
What is the focus of the biological perspective?
Anatomy and physiological processes of our nervous and endocrine system and genetic inheritance
What are the theoretical assertions of the biological perspective?
1) Behavior and thought are products of our anatomy and physiological processes
2) Environment can impact our anatomy and physiological processes
3) Patterns of behavior can be inherited (genetic basis)
How can the biological perspective affect phobias?
Chemical imbalances with no hormones such as norepinephrine (sympathetic- reaction to stress and neurotransmitters such as serotonin (mood, sleep, learning, and memory)
Blended perspective of the biological, cognitive, and sociocultural perspectives
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