Presentation on theme: "Objectives Explain how the ozone layer shields the Earth from much of the sun’s harmful radiation. Explain how chlorofluorocarbons damage the ozone layer."— Presentation transcript:
1ObjectivesExplain how the ozone layer shields the Earth from much of the sun’s harmful radiation.Explain how chlorofluorocarbons damage the ozone layer.Explain the process by which the ozone hole forms.Describe the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation.Explain why the threat to the ozone layer is still continuing today.
2The Ozone ShieldThe ozone layer is the layer of the atmosphere at an altitude of 15 to 40 km in which ozone absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation. Ozone is a molecule made of three oxygen atoms.UV light is harmful to organisms because it can damage the genetic material in living cells.By shielding the Earth’s surface from most of the sun’s UV light, the ozone in the stratosphere acts like a sunscreen for the Earth’s inhabitants.
3Chemicals That Cause Ozone Depletion Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are hydrocarbons in which some or all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by chlorine and fluorine.They are used in coolants for refrigerators and air conditioners and in cleaning solvents. They were also used as a propellant in spray cans of everyday products such as deodorants, insecticides, and paint.Their use is now restricted because they destroy ozone molecules in the stratosphere.
4Chemicals That Cause Ozone Depletion At the Earth’s surface, CFCs are chemically stable. They do not combine with other chemicals or break down into other substances.But, CFC molecules break apart high in the stratosphere, where UV radiation is absorbed.Once CFC molecules break apart, parts of the CFC molecules destroy the protective ozone.
5Chemicals That Cause Ozone Depletion Each CFC molecule contains from one to four chlorine atoms, and scientists have estimated that a single chlorine atom in the CFC structure can destroy 100,000 ozone molecule.
6The Ozone HoleIn 1985, studies by scientists working in Antarctica revealed that the ozone layer above the South Pole had thinned by 50 to 98 percent.The ozone hole is a thinning of stratospheric ozone that occurs over the poles during the spring.
7The Ozone HoleAlthough the concentration of ozone fluctuated during the year, the data showed a growing hole.Ozone levels over the Arctic have decreased as well. In March 1997, ozone levels over part of Canada were 45 percent below normal.
9Effects of Ozone Thinning on Humans As the amount of ozone in the stratosphere decreases, more UV light is able to pass through the atmosphere and reach Earth’s surface.UV light is dangerous to living things because it damages DNA, the genetic material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics.Exposure to UV light makes the body more susceptible to skin cancer, and may cause other damaging effects to the human body.
10Effects of Ozone Thinning on Animals and Plants High levels of UV light can kill single-celled organisms called phytoplankton that live near the surface of he ocean.The loss of phytoplankton could disrupt ocean food chains and reduce fish harvests.In addition, a reduction in the number of phytoplankton would cause an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
11Effects of Ozone Thinning on Animals and Plants UV light at natural levels kills many eggs of some species by damaging unprotected DNA.In fact, ecologists often use the health of amphibian populations as an indicator of environmental change due to the environmental sensitivity of these creatures.UV light can damage plants by interfering with photosynthesis. This damage can lower crop yields
13Protecting the Ozone Layer In 1987, a group of nations made an agreement, called the Montreal Protocol, to sharply limit their production of CFCs.At a second conference in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1992, developed countries agreed to eliminate most CFCs by 1995.The United States pledged to ban all substances that pose a significant danger to the ozone layer by the year 2000.
14Protecting the OzoneAfter developed countries banned most uses of CFCs, chemical companies developed CFC replacements.Aerosol cans no longer uses CFCs as propellants, and air conditioners are becoming CFC free.Because many countries were involved and decided to control CFCs, many people consider ozone protection an international environmental success story.
15Protecting the Ozone Layer However, the battle to protect the ozone layer is not over.CFC molecules remain active in the stratosphere for 60 to 120 years.CFCs released 30 years ago are still destroying ozone today, so it will be many years before the ozone layer completely recovers.