Aromanians in the Republic of Macedonia
|(9,695 (2002 census))|
|Regions with significant populations|
|Kruševo, Štip, Bitola, Sveti Nikole|
|Related ethnic groups|
The Vlachs in the Republic of Macedonia (Macedonian: Власи / Vlasi), also known as Aromanians (Аромани/Aromani), are an officially recognised minority group numbering some 9,695 people according to the 2002 census. They are concentrated in Kruševo, Štip, Bitola and Skopje. They are referred to as Vlachs by the Macedonian authorities and society.
The Aromanian population in the Republic of Macedonia are commonly known as Vlachs (Власи/Vlasi) or Tsintsars (Цинцари/Cincari), and have historically been called "Macedo-Romanians".
The Aromanians are a unique ethno-linguistic group, having their own culture and language, who have existed for over two thousand years in the Balkan peninsula. They were for centuries considered a traditional mountain people and soon the word Vlach became synonymous with animal-husbandry and herdsmanship throughout the Balkans. Although traditionally live-stock herders many began to emigrate to larger cities in the 16th and 17th centuries. Many Aromanians who fled from Moscopole and the nearby mountainous Gramos region also helped develop Krusevo(Crushuva) and Bitola (Bitolia) into large prosperous cities. Shepherds of the Pelister region near Bitola used to herd huge flocks of sheep from the summer pastures on Pelister (Pilister) to the winter lowlands near Ghevgelia, Giannitsa and Salonica (Saruna). Typical Aromanian goods were cheese, meat, wool and wool garments, leather, rugs and carpets. Many Aromanians also entered the rug and carpet trade by selling kilimi and flocati. Wealthier Aromanians established themselves in Bitola and Štip as inn-keepers, artisans, caravan traders and merchants. An Aromanian market (Macedonian: Vlaška čaršija) was established in Bitola's Aromanian quarter. The Aromanian presence is still present in Bitola to this day.
The Macedonian-Aromanian mountain villages of Magarevo, Gopeš, and Trnovo were founded on the foot hills of Mount Pilister. By the 1860s many Aromanians had joined the agitation present in Macedonia and supported the Macedonian Revolutionary movement. Many Aromanians had also identified with Romanians or Greeks and some even Bulgarians. The first Romanian school was established in 1864 in the village of Trnovo and was followed by another 40 Romanian language-Vlach schools. Many of these schools provided an education in both the Romanian and Aromanian languages. In the late 19th century a split between the Grecophile and Romanophile Aromanians occurred. This struggle became violent with schools burnt down, cemeteries desecrated and people assaulted. The Aromanian people were a crucial force in the Ilinden Uprising and the establishment of the Krusevo Republic. The Krusevo Republic is hailed by Aromanians as the Ten Days of Freedom. One notable Aromanian who participated was the heroic Pitu Guli who was killed on the Mečkin Kamen (Bear's Rock).
After the First Balkan War most of the Romanian schools were closed down. Many of the Aromanian villages were destroyed during World War I. To escape the conflict many Aromanians fled to Serbia or Romania. Aromanians who lived in what is now known as the Republic of Macedonia were subject to strict Serbianization along with the rest of the population. After the outbreak of World War II most Aromanians once again found themselves subject to Bulgarian control. Sources claim that fines were imposed on people for using the Aromanian language. These repressive measures compelled many Aromanians to join the Communist Partisans. The Aromanian contribution to the Partisan cause in Macedonia was crucial.
After the war many Aromanians began to assert their ethnic identity. High levels of intermarriage with Macedonians and urbanization also began to affect the community. In the 1970s new initiative's were started to create Aromanian social and cultural societies. The Society of Arts and Culture (Aromanian: Sutsat di Culturi sh Arti) was established in 1979 and in 1981 another cultural society was established. In 1985 the first Aromanian song was recorded by Risto Pulevski-Kicha. A tape was made for Macedonian television and this tape was used to support the request to create a cultural society. The Pitu Guli society of Skopje and the Manaki Brothers Society of Bitola were founded.
After the Declaration of Independence from Yugoslavia, Aromanians were officially recognised as a minority group. They receive full minority rights from the Macedonian government.
The Aromanians are an officially recognised minority group in the Republic of Macedonia. The Aromanian language is taught among Aromanian students and the language is co-official in the Krusevo municipality. Aromanian-language media is available, and regular television and radio broadcasts in the Aromanian language help to ensure its survival. The national day of the Aromanians in Macedonia is May 23.
The Vlach National Day is celebrated on May 23.
Aromanians have traditionally spoken the Aromanian language. Use of this language has recently been in a period of decline. High rates of intermarriage with Macedonians and assimilation have reduced the number of speakers. The Krusevo municipality is the only place in the world where the Aromanian language is a recognised minority language. The language has recently undergone a revival and is now taught to Aromanian students throughout the Republic.
Many forms of Aromanian-language media have been established since the 1990s. The Macedonian Government provides financial assistance to Aromanian-language newspapers and radio stations. Aromanian-language newspapers such as Phoenix (Aromanian: Fenix) service the Aromanian community. The Aromanian television program Spark (Aromanian: Scanteao, Macedonian: Искра) broadcasts on the second channel of the Macedonian Radio-Television.
|census 1948||census 1953||census 1961||census 1971||census 1981||census 1991||census 1994||census 2002|
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- Dimitri Atanasesky (1836–1907) - educator
- Constantin Belemace (1848–1932) - Aromanian writer
- Leon Boga (1886–1974) - historian
- Kaliopi Bukle (1966– ) - pop singer; half Aromanian
- Petre Čašule (1882–1924) - revolutionary
- Taki Fiti (1950– ) - Minister of Finance, 1996-1998
- Pitu Guli (1865–1903) - heroic Ilinden revolutionary
- Taki Hrisik (1920–1983) - composer and musician
- Constantin Iotzu (1884–1962) - architect
- Patriarch Joachim III of Constantinople (1834–1912) - patriarch, of Aromanian parents
- Teodor Kapidan (1879–1953) - linguist and academic
- Niku Karanika (1910–2002) - Aromanian poet
- Hari Kostov (1959– ) - Minister of Internal Affairs, 2002-2004; prime minister of Macedonia, May-November 2004
- Jani Makraduli (1965– ) - politician in the Republic of Macedonia
- Milton Manakis (1878–1954) - cinemagraphic pioneer; with Yannakis Manakis, the first people to film the Balkans
- Yannakis Manakis (1882–1964) - cinemagraphic pioneer; with Milton Manakis, the first people to film the Balkans
- Apostol Margarit (1832–1903) - educator
- Miho Mihajlovski (1915-2003) - Macedonian revolutionary
- Atanasios Piteon (1836–1913) - revolutionary
- Janko Popovic (1779–1833) - Serbian revolutionary
- Toše Proeski (1981–2007) - pop singer
- Alexandros Svolos (1892–1956) - Greek politician
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- Parliamentary Assembly Council of Europe. RECOMMENDATION 1333. 1997. . Retrieved on 4 Jul 2008
- NL23_1: Aromanians of Macedonia Archived May 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
- http://www.coe.int/t/e/human_rights/minorities/2._FRAMEWORK_CONVENTION_(MONITORING)/2._Monitoring_mechanism/3._State_Reports_and_UNMIK_Kosovo_Report/2._Second_cycle/PDF_2nd_SR_FYROM_en.pdf[permanent dead link]
- Macedonian Information Agency
- http://www.stat.gov.mk/PXWeb2007bazi/Database/Censuses/databasetree.asp Censuses of Population 1948-2002 State Statistical Office
- Македония. Етнография и статистика, В. К'нчовъ, София, 1900