The Industrial Internet, for example, could enable a connected locomotive in South Africa to anticipate when it needs a repair; allow technicians in Saudi Arabia to troubleshoot a gas turbine with real-time help from U.S. experts; or enable a manufacturing plant in India to employ global cloud computing to help it use water and energy resources more sustainably.
Achieving the great promise of the Industrial Internet — part of the so-called “Internet of Things” — will require breaking down many technical and practical barriers — connecting billions of diverse things to the Internet (including manufacturing equipment, medical devices, cities, cars and even cows), enabling different devices and siloed systems to communicate securely, and transforming mountains of data into actionable advice. And in an economy where products are sold and systems operate globally, it will be equally vital to assure that a growing number of barriers to digital trade don’t get in the way.
These efforts are critical because marrying the physical and digital worlds will create tremendous economic opportunity.
McKinsey, for example, forecasts that the Internet of Things will add between $2.7 trillion and $6.2 trillion in economic value annually through 2025 and improve manufacturing productivity by up to five percent. Cisco estimates that the Internet of Things will have a global economic impact of $14.4 trillion between 2013 and 2022 and that 32 percent of these gains will flow to the United States.
According to GE, the Industrial Internet is likely to boost U.S. productivity to levels not seen since the Internet revolution of the late 1990s — increasing incomes, improving living standards, and supporting good jobs, including new manufacturing jobs.
Modern trade and commerce would be impossible without cross-border data flows — from Internet ordering and electronic payment to global networks for supply chain management. At the same time, however, countries are increasingly erecting barriers to digital trade, including restrictions that could significantly limit the global operation of the Internet of Things.
Many countries, including Brazil, China, and the European Union, have or are considering rules that require that data be stored locally. Many of these rules seek to serve legitimate goals, like protecting privacy. But they often indiscriminately restrict all information — including impersonal technical data that is the lifeblood of the Industrial Internet — and can make cloud computing virtually impossible.
Countries also use trade restrictions to rig the game for their local digital sectors. Many countries require that foreign firms use locally based servers or other IT infrastructure as a condition for providing digital services. And IT industry participants are concerned that China will extend its desire for China-specific technical standards to sectors like cloud computing.
For networks of things, these “localization” barriers to global connectivity raise costs and seriously limit innovation (especially for smaller firms) and effectively prevent countries from participating in some networks altogether. The power of globally accessible cloud computing, for example, is often essential for industrial data networks. (A cross-country flight of a single networked aircraft engine, for example, can generate as much data as 1,000 copies of the Encyclopedia Britannica.)
The proliferation of national data laws can also act as a significant trade barrier. Over 100 countries have separate, different, and often nontransparent rules on cross-border data flows. America, the European Union and many other countries, for example, have substantially different approaches to Internet privacy and data protection. For companies that sell networked products globally — like the connected trucks that Sweden’s Scania sells worldwide — this patchwork of national rules can substantially increase compliance costs and risks, and even preclude sales to certain countries.
At the same time, international rules governing cross-border data flows and related goods, services, and infrastructure are incomplete and outdated. The World Trade Organization’s General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), for example, dates from 1995 — the year that both Amazon and eBay were start-ups. As a result, GATS contains limited rules against digital trade barriers and fails to anticipate complex networks like the Industrial Internet.
Business, government, and academic experts — through groups like the Industrial Internet Consortium — are making significant progress in addressing the practical barriers to networks of intelligent things, and in developing the common technical standards. For policymakers, it will be equally important to make similar progress on eliminating trade barriers that could limit the global reach of the Internet of Things.
U.S. policymakers can help spur this process by ensuring that new U.S. trade deals — on services and technology goods with the Asia-Pacific and Europe — include strong, binding obligations on digital trade. These agreements should assure cross-border data flows, prohibit localization trade barriers, prevent discrimination against digital products and services, and eliminate tariffs on modern digital goods (including new Internet-connected products). This progress will lessen differences on digital trade with key U.S. trading partners while setting solid templates for broader regional and global trade rules.
At the same time, America should also use international forums like APEC and the OECD to develop flexible international approaches — such as mutual recognition agreements and common principles — that facilitate global information flows and digital trade, while respecting national differences on issues like privacy. These arrangements could promote the global reach of the Internet of Things through common understandings on issues like transparency and interoperability, while assuring that restrictions in areas like privacy are targeted and proportional.
The Internet of Things is in its infancy but growing rapidly and will encompass some 50 billion things by 2020. As technical experts rapidly construct global networks of connected things, policymakers must also keep pace by eliminating digital trade barriers and building a strong global network of supportive rules and policies. If they do so, networks of things can achieve great things for people around the globe — driving innovation and economic growth, improving living standards, and supporting good jobs.
This piece also appeared in Republic 3.0.
Edward Gerwin, Jr. is Senior Contributing Editor for Republic 3.0 and President of Trade Guru LLC.