Oct. 23, 2013
Two Types of Observational Research
(1) Direct Observation
In order to avoid a situation where subjects alter their behavior because they know
they are being observed, the research has 2 options:
(1a) To conduct research covertly
(1b) Overtly – try to blend in by taking few notes
For structured observation, use an “observation schedule,” which is a
(2) Participant Observation
The research becomes part of the community that they are observing.
Can be either covert or overt
Advantage of participant over direct observation is that it allows for greater
understanding of context
There are some subgroups that can only be accessed through covert participant
observation – drug smuggling – other examples??
Context driven & less structured than direct observation, making it useful for
descriptive & explanatory research.
Field notes are detailed descriptions of events & their subjective meaning. They are
examined for emerging groups, categories or patterns.
What to Observe?
Verbal behavior and interactions
Physical behavior and gestures
People who stand out
Using Observational Research before Other Research Methods
Participant observation may be done prior to other data collection, as well as
simultaneously with other methods and during data analysis.
For example, researchers might follow up on mention of a neighborhood with a high