An interdisciplinary team of scientists from the University of Miami (UM), University of Rochester, University of Idaho-Moscow and the Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (Quito, Ecuador) have joined forces to study one the world's most active volcanoes, Sierra Negra in the Galápagos. The volcano's last eruption occurred in 2005, deepening its 8 km (~5 mile) wide caldera by 4 - 5 meters (~13 - 16 feet). The previous eruption in 1979 produced more than 1 km3 (~0.7 miles3) of lava and was one of the largest eruptions of the 20th century.
The team consists of Dr. Falk Amelung, associate professor of Marine Geology and Geophysics at UM's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science; seismologists Dr. Cindy Ebinger of the University of Rochester and Dr. Mario Ruiz of the Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional de Quito; volcanologist Dr. Dennis Geist of the University of Idaho (Moscow); science teacher Lisa Hjelm from The Girls' Middle School in Mountain View, California; Escuela Politécnica Nacional undergraduate geology student Daniel Pacheco; and Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere (PASSCAL) engineer Eliana Arias-Dotson.
They returned from an adventure that lasted nearly three weeks, which included hiking, riding horses and navigating dangerous waters to deploy an experimental seismic network of 16 stations around Isla Isabela, Galápagos. The broadband seismometers provided by the PASSCAL instrument center will record data for the next three years.
"With the satellite data we regularly collect here at the University of Miami, using a technique called satellite radar interferometry, we are able to see the underground location of the magma chamber. The new seismic data will allow us to corroborate our information and obtain proof that the magma chamber is actually 2 km. (~1.2 miles) down and to what depth it extends," said Amelung. "Petrologists suggest that the chamber may extend to a depth of 10 km. (~6.2 miles), whereas geophysicists believe it might go only to a depth of 3 km. (1.8 miles) or so." These new seismic data will be analyzed to provide the first 3-D pictures of the volcanic plumbing system, completing the picture derived from satellite and rock studies.
The team conducted eight dry and wet landings from a boat, placing sites along the coastline. The Galápagos-based Charles Darwin Foundation and Parque Nacional de Galápagos, both celebrating their 50th anniversary in 2009, assisted in providing horses and other support to transport equipment to more remote regions of Isla Isabela. However, the most challenging deployment took place in the center of the caldera, where scientists had to hike over miles of sharp, jagged igneous rock from the last lava flow. Geist arranged for a helicopter to fly the heavy equipment to a central drop site so they could navigate the unforgiving terrain, which tore into their hiking boots and required heavy duty work gloves to traverse.
Once set up, each site included a seismometer that had to be precisely leveled, a battery and solar panel, and electronics to continuously record ground vibrations from local and distant earthquakes. A number of the sensitive instruments were buried, but in areas where hard volcanic rock was present, the stations were left above ground and protected by rocks and other natural features.
The integrated seismic-geodetic study of the active magmatic processes at Sierra Negra volcano was funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF). An additional NSF grant was awarded to Hjelm for education and outreach. Her intent is to use data from this study to create a visualization of the interior of the volcano as an educational product for teens.
Source: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science
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