Harvard Erasmus Lectures I
Prélude a la nouvelle journée, the emergence of Dutch contemporary music
Willem Mengelberg Matthijs Vermeulen
..."Who are these people?", you might wonder.
It are the names of Dutch composers who were en vogue in the late 19th- and the first half
of the twentieth century. They were considered to be relevant enough to have their names shine
out from gilded plates on the balcony of the Concertgebouw, amidst their esteemed colleagues from abroad.
The Concertgebouw is the shrine which the Dutch, out of their love of music,
erected in 1888 in Amsterdam. In this acoustic Walhalla, a total of 46 shields bear the names
of their most revered warriors and demigods, who conquered so many a castle in the air for us.
However, there is a peculiar absence, or rather a painful omission, of the name of the best
composer the Netherlands brought forth in that era: Matthijs Vermeulen.
His music fell on deaf ears with his contemporaries, if it was played at all. Though there were a few, ardent admirers, it was mostly considered to be awkward, noisy, and unplayable. In a letter from 1920, while working on his Second Symphony, Vermeulen wrote to his friend Evert Cornelis, a pianist and conductor: "I often doubt whether in the first ten, fifteen years, anybody will love this symphony dearly enough to study it. But I cannot act otherwise. Because if I do not do what I feel I must do, I can do nothing at all." Matthijs Vermeulen's words proved to be ominous: It would take until 1953 before his Second Symphony, titled Prélude a la nouvelle journée, received its first performance. Nowadays, the disrespectful manner in which Matthijs Vermeulen was frowned upon by his contemporaries, generally causes a feeling of discomfort and embarrassment. Because in him the Dutch could have found a composer of international importance and stature. One senses that they missed an opportunity to have someone to be proud of, perhaps for the first time since Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck in the early 17th century. Today, Vermeulen is widely regarded as the incarnation of the archetypal unrecognized composer; ahead of his time, misunderstood and falsely judged, having more of a reputation as a music critic, rather than as a composer, living a life that largely took place in isolation and poverty, shunned by the Concertgebouw Orchestra and the music world at large. And though all of this is largely true, I want to explain to you in this first of three Erasmus Lectures, of which I am by the way greatly honoured to have been asked to give, that to my opinion things are slightly more complex, and less one-dimensional. Not only was Vermeulen misunderstood as a composer, he also wanted to be misunderstood. Not only was he treated as an outcast, it was his desire to be an outsider. I will focus on the music of Matthijs Vermeulen, and tell you what is so alluring and fascinating about it. I will also shed more light on the relationship with his main adversary, Willem Mengelberg , the conductor of the Concertgebouw Orchestra. Because, not only is their clash an intriguing piece of psychological drama, but these two men also form the pinnacle of what musical life in the Rhine delta in the first half of the twentieth century has to offer.
The focal point of my second lecture, on March 11th, will be the music of the second half of the previous century, until the present. Whereas the Second Symphony of Vermeulen marks the birth of contemporary music in the Netherlands and preludes to a new day, it is after the Second World War that Dutch music really starts to flourish and to gradually take on its own unmistakable identity. I will discuss the music of Louis Andriessen and Peter Schat and, closely related to that, the rise of ensemble-culture, which played such a significant catalyzing role in shaping the Dutch musical landscape. And finally, I will talk about various aspects of my own music in the third lecture on April the 18th. I will attempt to explain to you my love for vocal music and music theatre, the relation between music and language, or rather: the musicality and theatricality of language, and will talk about the music of the people who have been helpful and inspiring to me in finding my own voice, such as my teachers Klaas de Vries and Philippe Boesmans and my mentor in the land of opera : Hans Werner Henze.
All these matters regarding Dutch contemporary music are of course treated in relation to influences from elsewhere in Europe and farther away. Music, ephemeral and ethereal as it is, wanders by nature, so one has to regard modern music in the Netherlands in a context that is larger than that of a country roughly one and a half times the size of the state of Massachusetts. Furthermore, the Netherlands has always been a trading nation, which implies an attitude that is open towards the outside world, where there is more imported and exported than merely physical goods. For centuries, any artist or musician who was planning to travel from the European mainland to London, was very likely to set sail from Rotterdam. And often, before boarding the ship, they would give a demonstration of their artistry, if only to cover their travel expenses. Freedom, of thought and expression, of religion, but also of atheism, forms the core of the Dutch mentality. It was not merely to tease the British, our main trade-competitors, that the Netherlands were the first country to recognize the United States as an independent nation in 1776. It was a matter of the heart. In fact, many similarities are to be drawn between our Acte van Verlatinghe, in which the Dutch declared themselves free from Spanish rule in 1581, a struggle that would last for eighty years, and your Declaration of Independence.
One constant element in the Dutch musical history, has been the pivoting movement between the influences of French and German musical styles and esthetics. Where for example at the 18th century courts of the aristocracy, French language and music were the dominant factor, it was in the second half of the 19th century the German symphonic style that conquered most ground. It often seems as if the Dutch were musically torn between two lovers. As if the French and German influences were like two magnetic poles, and anybody who was attracted to one side, automatically was to be repelled by the other. This ambiguity, as we will see later on, played a major role in the controversy between Vermeulen and Mengelberg.
Matthijs Vermeulen, Matthijs being Dutch for Matthew, was born on the 8th of February in the same year in which the Concertgebouw also came into life: 1888. His place of birth, Helmond, was a small industrial town in the southern part of the Netherlands, where his father was a blacksmith. Severe illness in childhood made it impossible for him to do heavy labour, and to succeed his father in his enterprise, as planned. Instead, an inclination towards the spiritual gained the upper hand, and at age fourteen he went to a seminary, with the intention to become a priest. There, Vermeulen was thoroughly trained in the music of the old polyphonists of the Netherlands : the masses and motets of Johannes Ockeghem, Josquin Desprez and Jacob Obrecht, who in his turn had taught Erasmus the principles of music, when he studied in Utrecht, around 1480. The renaissance masters of the Lowlands made Vermeulen discover his true calling : music, and their polyphonic world of thought was to be of a lasting influence in the development of his musical language, later on. His plans for priesthood were dropped, and at age nineteen he went to Amsterdam, which was then, even more so than today, the centre of musical life in the Netherlands.
Penniless, he listened from behind the hedges to the outdoor summer concerts in the gardens at the back of the Concertgebouw. These concerts were led by Willem Mengelberg, born in 1871 in Utrecht, who had brought the Concertgebouw Orchestra to an outstanding level, renowned throughout the world, since he had become their principle conductor in 1895. Matthijs Vermeulen could barely play any instrument and couldn't afford a piano until he was 23, but he was determined to become a composer. Daniël de Lange, the director of the Amsterdam Conservatory, recognized his talent, and gave him free composition lessons for about two years. His financial situation slightly improved when Vermeulen started to write concert reviews for the newspaper De Tijd. His personal tone, flamboyant style and sharp musical judgement stood out immediately, and through these articles he was brought into contact with Alphons Diepenbrock, the most prominent Dutch composer of that day. Diepenbrock, born in 1862, was a composer with a broad musical horizon, who predominantly wrote for the voice. Having started of in a more or less Wagnerian idiom, Diepenbrocks music gradually became more lucid and transparent, often possessing poetic, dreamlike qualities, as does his Marsyas, which originally was incidental music for a play by Balthasar Verhagen, first performed in 1909. Or he struck a more somber and severe tone, as in Elektra, the last piece Diepenbrock was to compose, before his death in 1921. Vermeulen would always refer to Diepenbrock as his 'maître spirituel'.
While establishing himself as a music critic, Matthijs Vermeulen in the meantime completed his first composition, between 1912 and '14: the Symphonia Carminum, the symphony of melodies. For an opus one, this is truly a remarkable work. Not often will a composer have begun his career with such a large scale piece, containing music that breaths such a strong sense of urgency and endeavour. The broad musical gestures and large polymelodic structures immediately strike the ear. The music sounds a bit too much like unhinged Mahler though, and the overall form of the piece and its sense of direction are still far from perfect. But it are particularly the melodies, restlessly hovering and meandering in multiple directions that stand out, and make one feel that Vermeulen had found his voice immediately. In 1915 he showed the work to Willem Mengelberg, a step that must have puzzled the conductor of the Concertgebouw Orchestra, because by that time Vermeulen had already published numerous articles in which he ferociously attacked Mengelberg. In Vermeulen's opinion, Mengelberg's choice of repertoire leaned too heavily on the German symphonic tradition, and he felt that Mengelberg neglected the modern French masters, Debussy and Ravel. And he scorned Mengelberg for his frequent absence from the Concertgebouw, to conduct the orchestras in Frankfurt and elsewhere.
After taking a brief look at the score of the First Symphony, Willem Mengelberg affably advised Vermeulen to take a few composition lessons with Mr. Dopper, his assistant-conductor. This was in fact not entirely meant as a sarcastic word of advice. Because, not only was Cornelis Dopper a very frequently performed composer at that time, but a closer look at Vermeulen's score also reveals numerous spots that are impractically and clumsily notated, due to his lack of experience and education. One might certainly blame Mengelberg though, for failing to look through these imperfections, and to recognize the authentic voice that sheltered underneath the surface and deserved to be heard. This word of advice was enough to make Vermeulen rush off, deeply insulted. Some years later, he would seek his revenge with Cornelis Dopper: On a Sunday afternoon concert in November 1919, in the brief interval right after the final chord of Dopper's Zuiderzee Symphonie had faded away, and just before the applause was about to start, Vermeulen got up from his seat and shouted : "Leve Sousa!!!"
"Long live Sousa!" A nice piece of instant and concise musical criticism, in which Vermeulen expressed that the virile march music of John-Philip Sousa, that was to boost the morale of American troops stationed in Europe, was far to be preferred above the drab mediocrities of Dopper's Zuiderzee Symphonie. This unexpected outburst caused great consternation among the audience. The commotion was even further enhanced, because part of the people in the hall thought that someone had yelled "leve Troelsta!". Jelles Troelstra was the leader of the Dutch Socialist Party, who had just a week earlier, unsuccessfully staged a coup d'etat in the Dutch parliament, by proclaiming a takeover of power by the proletariat. The police came in, and Vermeulen was expelled indefinitely from the Concertgebouw by the management. Vermeulen's First Symphony would not receive its first performance until 1964. There was in fact one performance in 1919, by the Arnhemse Orkestvereeniging, but this was such a dissatisfying experience, due to the many mistakes in the parts and reluctance on behalf of part of the orchestra, that Vermeulen refused to consider this to be the première of the piece.
With his four anti-war songs in 1917, Matthijs Vermeulen found a more receptive audience. Particularly La Veille, on a poem by François Porché, received a fair number of performances by the Belgian mezzo-soprano Berthe Seroen, who at that time was living in exile in the Netherlands, which had remained neutral during the First World War. La Veille, the wake, portrays a lonely woman, praying at the cradle of her baby, on the night before a battle. When at dawn the soldiers march by, she bids farewell to those who are about to die. The music of La Veille possesses extremely meditative and lyrical qualities and is perhaps the most powerful example of Vermeulen's abilities as a composer of vocal music.
After Vermeulen had completed his Second Symphony in 1921, he again approached Willem Mengelberg, this time by mail. There came no reply at all. Vermeulen left for France, hoping his music would find a better response there. But again, he was disappointed to find out that the revolutionary élan of the first decades of the 20th century had washed away, and that neo-classicism had become the reigning musical fashion in Paris. Disillusioned, he settled with his wife and four children in the small village of Louveciennes, where he would remain in a sort of self chosen exile for over 25 years, in relative anonymity and poverty.
The Second Symphony, of which we will listen to a brief section shortly, consists of five contiguous movements, which Vermeulen
calls episodes, that alternately have an active and contemplative character, while they are all related to the same basic tempo of 88 beats
per minute. The third and the fifth episode are related to the first, in the sense that elements of the main theme are further elaborated.
The piece starts of with four measures of percussive, cluster-like chords in the low strings, before the introduction of the main theme,
which is played in octaves by four oboes, five clarinets and two trumpets in e flat, together producing a marvelous, icy sound. The theme
in its entirety actually consists of three phrases, punctuated by chords in the low woodwinds and brass, while the cluster-like chords
keep on pounding along. This section is followed by a variation on the theme with the use of parallel harmonies, first in the lower register,
and then in a very wide spacing of four octaves plus a minor second, between the high clarinets and the contrabassoon and bass clarinet.
The music then gradually becomes more polyphonic, before culminating in a recapitulation of the theme, again in unison, but this time
spread out over four phrases. So, let us hear now, if my brief analysis of the first episode of the Second Symphony was more or
Second Symphony, main theme
To me, Vermeulen’s Second Symphony is like a momument. Not only because it marks the birth of modern music in the Netherlands, but mostly because of its wild and exuberant world of sound. In this piece Vermeulen has completely cut himself loose from tradition and tonality and created a musical idiom that is entirely his own. With its relentless energy, ecstatic outbursts and violently passionate melodies the Second Symphony truly seems to prelude to a new day. One can hear some resemblances with Edgar Varèse's Ámeriques and Arcana, works that were written more or less around the same time. They share the same kind of obsessive drive and power, though Vermeulen's symphony lacks the elaborate and sophisticated writing for percussion, which gives to Varèse's music this wonderful sensation of Italian Futurism. Also, some parallels can be drawn with the music of Charles Ives, with regard to the use of polymelodic structures and to the fact that both of them were Einzelgänger, musical loners, who ostentatiously and stubbornly went their own way.
About his vision on music, Vermeulen wrote : "There has, amidst of the schools, styles, mannerisms, tricks and formalisms that pass by, along with the conventions on which they supported, always been a sound that lasted. That would not let itself be determined by its year of origin, before or after Christ, that stood outside of all times and peoples, that unchangeable, indestructible came into life, that will never decline, and whose magic will never end. One recognizes this sound immediately and everywhere, because it is immediate and everywhere; one is defenseless against it, because it is, with its primitive and rudimentary accents, born into every soul, because everybody carries it inside himself, because it has always cried or sang in this manner, from the caveman to the man of our mechanical age. It is also the single, inexorable, powerful, magical tone. It is the only thing worth for a composer to strive for." Vermeulen wrote these words in his essay Antipodes, in which he also tried to describe Willem Mengelberg's 'characterological unfitness' for the French repertoire.
The fundamentals of Vermeulen's ideas are formed by a social humanism, that leaves its traces in all of his creative output. He assumes music to have an utopian function. Already from the titles which he gave to his symphonies: Les Victoires, Les Minutes Heureuses, (the joyous moments) Dythyrambes pour les Temps á venir, (hymns for the times to come) or Les Lendemains chantants,(the songs of tomorrow) one can sense a strong desire for the glorification and liberation of the soul. The place where the destiny of mankind is to be given shape is the orchestra, which is conceived as a musical community in which all of its heterogeneous voices and groups, although moving in the same direction, can freely develop.
In an interview with the New York Times in the 1920's, Willem Mengelberg characterized the Dutch music of those days as "either to be watered down Wagner, watered down Debussy, or watered down Mahler". If we take into account that at that time Vermeulen's music was hardly ever to be heard, this is in fact a very accurate description. "The Dutchman", as composer and critic Willem Pijper would put it, "has always diligently imported his wine, his grain, his tobacco and his music, and doesn't really know any better than that it should be like this. He is certainly not unwilling to come to understand that a Dutch music could be just as excellent as a French or Austrian, but his ears would have to convince him of that first. The Dutch merchant will buy, if necessary, on a sample, very rarely on the basis of just a picture, but never on an anonymous recommendation." Still today, it is the case that a Dutchman, or woman, that excels in any given field, will only get any recognition from his fellow countrymen once there has been some success abroad. If such is the case, then he or she must be good. Apparently the Dutch don't attribute much value to their own judgement.
But the general idea that the Dutch audience, in the days when Matthijs Vermeulen started of as a composer, was of a conservative, petit bourgeois and unadventurous nature, is based on a misconception. Because if we take a look at which composers frequently passed by at the Concertgebouw between, let's say, 1905 and 1915, we see that Gustav Mahler practically lived there, Arnold Schönberg, Claude Debussy and Richard Strauss were regular guests, and that the likes of Igor Stravinsky, Max Reger, Maurice Ravel and Alexander Scriabin were also to pass by. I think it is fair to say that the Dutch audience in those days had a far more adventurous taste than its composers, with the exception of course of Matthijs Vermeulen and, to a lesser extend, Alphons Diepenbrock. Probably even now, one hundred years later, many an orchestra around the world, would be somewhat reluctant to put together concert programs with the aforementioned composers, out of fear that they might startle a substantial amount of their subscription holders.
The way the Dutch audience regarded the contribution of Dutch composers to these programs however, was that they were something like an appetizer, or a side-act: First some watered down Wagner, or watered down Debussy, and then came the real stuff. On the concert at which the 'Long live Sousa!'incident took place for example, the Zuiderzee Symphonie of Cornelis Dopper was intended to warm up the audience for the Brahms Violin Concerto, which was to take place after the intermission.
The mistake that Matthijs Vermeulen made, and I must stress here that the word mistake is in this case intended in a one hundred percent ironical fashion, is that he wanted to break away from this convention. Because it was his belief, and rightly so, that his music was not at all watered down, but that it was the real stuff. He felt, that by following his inner voice, regardless of what went on in Paris, Vienna or Berlin, and without making faint attempts at folklore to achieve some sort of a Dutch nationalistic style, like most of his native colleagues, he had actually reached a free, liberated and independent Dutch music, that had broken away from provincialism and irrelevance. Vermeulen, as a matter of fact, wrote this, more or less ad verbatim, in the letter that accompanied the score he sent to Willem Mengelberg, recommending him his Second Symphony. And this also sums up, why I greatly admire Vermeulen as a composer.
It is difficult to calculate, or even to try to estimate, the damage and harm that the writer Vermeulen has brought upon the composer Vermeulen. I think, it would be an understatement to say that the one surely did not help the other. Throughout all of Vermeulen's writings runs the same lyrical and exuberant vein, that is also so clearly audible in his music. Sometimes he could be very right on the mark, perhaps not very pleasant for the subject of his criticism, but sometimes things simply needed to be said. The Concertgebouw Orchestra, for example, organized a grandiose Mahler-festival in 1920, to honour and commemorate the composer, who had died in 1911, and to celebrate the 25th anniversary of Mengelberg's affiliation with the orchestra. All of Mahler's works were to be performed, in a celebration that attracted a massive amount of international attention. Vermeulen read in the program book that "Mahler had gone to the United States with the intention to save up a small fortune, and then to return to Holland, which had been so dear to him, and where his music had found such a good response, and then had wanted to settle in a nice, quiet place, to devote all his time to composing."
Matthijs Vermeulen subsequently wrote: "I was thinking : Willem Mengelberg, who has often been proclaimed to be such a good friend of Mahler, could have had knowledge about the dire situation his friend was in, and could have proposed to the Concertgebouw-management, that in a low estimation represents a capital of twenty million guilders, to connect his friend Mahler to the Concertgebouw, let us say, for a fee of ten thousand guilders, with the obligation to conduct ten concerts a year. Mahler, the tired, haunted and worn down Mahler, would have accepted such an offer with both hands; And we, we would have made ourselves useful to one of the most genius artists of all times."
But after the First World War broke out, Vermeulen's judgement, which by nature had always had more of an inclination towards the French camp, gradually became more blurred and irrational. At a certain point, any French composer, be it a second- or third-rank composer like Fauré, Delibes or Lalo, was always still better than the best what Germany had to offer. This is for example what he had to say with regard to Johannes Brahms' Fourth Symphony, around 1916 : "spineless and muscle-less plastic of a crippled. Did Brahms possess a deep nature? No, he never felt the pain, because he was used to always avoid himself from it. How then, can he ever have learned the fullness of joy ? Brahms will inevitably still often be played and admired for a couple of years, but it is our conviction that within a foreseeable future, he will have become old-fashioned and ridiculous. Brahms is a fashion, that will disappear like the winter gives way to the summer." It was Mengelberg's conviction on the other hand, that it was the quality of the music that counted, and not the country where the passport of its composer was issued.
During his long period of exile and isolation in France, Vermeulen went through a compositional drought that lasted for nearly ten years. But in 1930 came, out of the blue, a commission for the celebration of the 355th anniversary of the University of Leiden, in collaboration with the poet Martinus Nijhoff. The latter came up with the theme, after he had seen an advertisement of the KLM, the Dutch airline company, reading : "The Flying Dutchman. Once a legend, now reality." The performances of De Vliegende Hollander were held outdoors at a lake. The action took place on a boat, the audience was seated ashore. The windy conditions washed away nearly all of the music, but it brought the composer Vermeulen back on his feet, and he produced three more symphonies in the next fifteen years.
Willem Mengelberg in the meantime continued his triumphs, with the Concertgebouw Orchestra and orchestras all over the world. The outbreak of the Second World War in 1940, and the occupation of the Netherlands by Germany, limited his ability to move. Apart from some concerts in the Third Reich, he was bound to Amsterdam. Willem Mengelberg did not make more than some faint signs of protest, when in 1941 the 16 Jewish musicians of the Concertgebouw Orchestra were sacked. And Willem Mengelberg, I will quote Matthijs Vermeulen here once more, "who has often proclaimed to be such a good friend of Mahler", did not make any objections whatsoever, when in 1942 the plaque bearing Mahler's name, along with those of Mendelsohn and Rubinstein were removed from the Concertgebouw. After the war, Mengelberg got a six year ban on conducting, He died, in his châlet in Switzerland, just before the end of this period. Mengelberg was as politically naïve as he was a great musician. The pitiable ending of his fifty years of tenure, still hangs like a cloud over the manner in which the greatest conductor the Netherlands ever had is remembered. When in 1995 there was a new Mahler-Festival at the Concertgebouw, one hundred years after Mengelberg first took the stand, Riccardo Chailly, then the principle conductor of the orchestra, thought it was a good moment for a re-evaluation of the man who had made the orchestra what it is. The management rushed in, downplaying the mere idea of a rehabilitation, out of fear that controversy might drive away sponsors and the audience.
Matthijs Vermeulen received two serious blows in 1944, when first his wife died and then his son Josquin, the apple of his eye, while fighting in the French Liberation Army. In 1946, Vermeulen returned to the Netherlands, taking up his old profession as a music critic. 1953 brought the long awaited première of the Second Symphony, in Brussels, and from then on it went crescendo molto with the appreciation of Vermeulen as a composer, who in 1955 made his debut with his Second Symphony at the Concertgebouw Orchestra, which was conducted by Eduard van Beinum.
I have always found it intriguing that from the moment Vermeulen started to hear his compositions being performed in the concert hall, his new musical output became less interesting to listen to. The Second Symphony is a masterpiece, there is no other word for it. But in the Fourth Symphony 'Les Victoires' , the orchestral textures already start to clot and to thicken in such a manner that it withholds the listener a clear view of what is going on. The arches of tension become longer and longer, and then also start to overlap with one another. And by the time we have reached his Seventh, and last symphony, it is, as critic Ernst Vermeulen (not related to the composer) once put it, "as if you keep on eating and eating a plate of spaghetti, that somehow never seems to become any emptier."
Reinbert de Leeuw, the conductor, pianist and composer, is one of the few musicians still alive, that have worked with Matthijs Vermeulen, before his death in 1967. I asked de Leeuw, about whom we will hear more in the second lecture, what Vermeulen was like in person. He told me: "I first met Vermeulen in 1963, when I was still a Conservatory-student, to rehears his Cello Sonata no.1, together with René van Ast, for a concert to celebrate his upcoming 75th birthday. He had an extremely warm, gentle and generous character, with very precise ideas about how he wanted things to sound. We went for long walks, through the fields and the heather, where he would hold endless and very well articulated monologues on his ideas of music. He knew no doubt, and he was absolutely convinced that the course of musical history would have taken a entirely different path, had his music been performed forty years earlier. But what I remember most of all about him, is that there was no trace of bitterness or anger, not even the slightest hint."
Matthijs Vermeulen rejected the music and ideas of Schönberg, he rejected the music of Stravinsky. And while living in France, he was all the time in the vicinity of Olivier Messiaen, with whom he could have had, I am sure, interesting discussions on music and spirituality, or on the relation between music and the destiny of mankind. Of course they had different views, on many things. But, isn't that exactly what it takes to come to an interesting exchange of thoughts? Such discussions never took place, Messiaen and Vermeulen never even met. Because he rejected the music and ideas of Messiaen. Gradually, he came to reject the music of Debussy, of Mahler, Ives, Varèse, and I could go on endlessly to list all the composers, who Vermeulen thought had it all wrong. That is what I meant at the beginning of my talk, when I said that Vermeulen wanted to be an outsider. And though I have the greatest respect for the unshakeable faith Matthijs Vermeulen has always kept in himself and in his ideas, in spite of the opposition he encountered along the way, I also feel that if you reject all of contemporary music, besides your own personal output, you are dangerously close, just one step away, from a total rejection of contemporary music at large. I thank you for your kind attention, and am looking forward to see you again.
Harvard, Erasmus Lectures no.1, February 18 2010