2 Programmable Logic Array PLAsProgrammable Logic ArrayPre-fabricated building block of many AND/OR gates (or NOR, NAND) "Personalized" by making/ breaking connections among the gates.General purpose logic building blocks.
6 Design for PLA: Example Implement the following functions using PLAF0 = A + B' C'F1 = A C' + A BF2 = B' C' + A BF3 = B' C + AInput Side:1 = asserted in term0 = negated in term- = does not participatePersonality MatrixOutputsInputsProducttermReuseofermsA1-BCF23A BB CA COutput Side:1 = term connected to output0 = no connection to output
7 Example: Continued F0 = A + B' C' F1 = A C' + A B F2 = B' C' + A B Personality Matrix
8 ConstantsSometimes a PLA output must be programmed to be a constant 1 or a constant 0.P1 is always 1 because its product line is connected to no inputs and is therefore always pulled HIGH;this constant-1 term drives the O1 output.No product term drives the O2 output, which is therefore always 0.Another method of obtaining a constant-0 output is shown for O3.
9 BCD to Gray Code Converter Minimized Functions:W = A + B D + B CX = B C'Y = B + CZ = A'B'C'D + B C D + A D' + B' C D'
10 Product terms cannot be shared ! A B C DABD4 product terms per each OR gateBCBC’Product terms cannot be shared !BPLA achieves higher flexibility at the cost of lower speed!CBCDAD’BCD’W X Y Z
11 Programmable Array Logic PALsProgrammable Array Logica fixed OR array.
12 PAL inputs 1st output section 2nd output Only functions with section at most fourproducts can beimplemented3rd outputsection4th outputsection
13 PAL W = ABC + CD X = ABC + ACD + ACD + BCD Y = ACD + ACD + ABD
15 Helper TermsIf an I/O pin’s output-control gate produces a constant 1, the output is always enabled, but the pin may still be used as an input too. outputs can be used to generate first-pass “helper terms” for logic functions that cannot be performed in a single pass with the limited number of AND terms available for a single output.
20 General Logic Implementation Given a 2kxn ROM, we can implement ANY combinational circuit with at most k inputs and at most n outputs.Why?k-to-2k decoder will generate all 2k possible mintermsEach of the OR gates must implement a m()Each m() can be programmed
21 Find a ROM-based circuit implementation for: ExampleFind a ROM-based circuit implementation for:f(a,b,c) = a’b’ + abcg(a,b,c) = a’b’c’ + ab + bch(a,b,c) = a’b’ + cSolution:Express f(), g(), and h() in m() format (use truth tables)Program the ROM based on the 3 m()’s
22 ExampleThere are 3 inputs and 3 outputs, thus we need a 8x3 ROM block.f = m(0, 1, 7)g = m(0, 3, 6, 7)h = m(0, 1, 3, 5, 7)3-to-8 decoder1234567abcfgh
23 ROM as a MemoryRead Only Memories (ROM) or Programmable Read Only Memories (PROM) have:N input lines,M output lines, and2N decoded minterms.Can be viewed as a memory with the inputs as addresses of data (output values),hence ROM or PROM names!
24 (Memories) Volatile: Non-Volatile: Random Access Memory (RAM): SRAM "static"DRAM "dynamic"Non-Volatile:Read Only Memory (ROM):Mask ROM "mask programmable"EPROM "electrically programmable"EEPROM “electrically erasable electrically programmable"FLASH memory - similar to EEPROM with programmer integrated on chip
25 ROM as MemoryRead Example: For input (A2,A1,A0) = 011, output is (F0,F1,F2,F3 ) = 0010.What are functions F3, F2 , F1 and F0 in terms of (A2, A1, A0)?Address8x4 ROMD0D1D2D3D4D5D6D7A2A1A0ABCF3F2F1F0X1234567A[2:0]F[3:0]34
26 Design by ROM: Example BCD to 7 Segment Display Controller A B C D C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6X X X X X X X
27 Standard Devices Vpp and PGM are used when programming 2764 EPROM 8K x 8