Курсовая: How far is China from Europe
Ministry of Education
Tyumen State University
Faculty of History and Political Science
Department of Contemporary History and International Relations
European Union - SS 2004
Topic: How far is China from Europe?
924 B group
Robert Bosch Foundation lecturer
During the centuries, the Europeans were trying for getting to China. Nowadays,
we can see practically the same picture. But unlike the Middle Ages, the Europe
has strong rivals in the face of Russia and the USA. All of this political
actors are trying to become a main trade partner of China, perhaps, the most
favorable market in the world. The resources of China are great, and
investments into them could provide also great profit in future. Also we should
mention that China is developing country and if the European Union wants to get
a strong cooperation with Beijing, it has to help China to become a “European”
country. But as we know, China is very far from Europe. How could the EU help
to China to become a “part” of Europe? The XXIst century is a
century of technology and information and if the Europeans will build modern
society in this Asian state, and if modern technologies of communication will
play their role, perhaps, someday, we could say that China is “European”
country. In this paper author will try to define how far is China from Europe.
To achieve this goal we should investigate EU-China’s relationships and some
variants of further cooperation.
In author’s opinion, the main problem of EU-China’s relations is China’s
socialist traditions. Because of them, Beijing’s domestic policy is very
different from European ideals of democracy and liberal society. That is why
one of the most important directions of EU-China’s cooperation is social
sphere. But it is necessary to say that social direction is not the only one –
the economic cooperation is also very important direction of EU-China’s
relationships. On the 15th of May 2002, the EU adopted a new
strategy towards China: implementation of the 1998 Communication and future
steps for a more effective EU policy
This communication recalls and confirms in a comprehensive and coherent
manner the objectives of the EU policy regarding China defined in 1998. In
its 1998 Communication entitled "Building a comprehensive partnership with
China", the Commission set out the following objectives:
· engaging China further in the international community through an
upgraded political dialogue;
· supporting China's transition to an open society based upon the rule
of law and respect for human rights and democracy;
· integrating China further in the world economy by bringing it more
fully into the world trading system and by supporting the process of economic
and social reform under way in the country;
· making better use of existing European financial resources;
· raising the EU's profile in China.
Although it considers that these objectives remain valid in the long term, the
Commission believes that the existing instruments should be improved and
fine-tuned in order to take account of the developments since 1998 and to make
EU policy more effective. This Communication therefore provides a comprehensive
and forward-looking review by the Union of its objectives and of the dialogue
and cooperation mechanisms in place for implementing EU policy towards China.
It also suggests ways of developing EU-China relations by defining concrete and
practical short and medium-term action points for EU policy.
In authors opinion it is very important to investigate all of this objectives
At first we shall speak about engaging China further in the international
community. According to EU’s web site: “ Political dialogue with China has
been already been strengthened through regular meetings of foreign ministers,
ambassadors and senior officials. There is also agreement to hold regular
talks at expert level on selected issues.
In order to take account of the fact that China is a growing economic and
political power, it is appropriate to involve it in the management of most
major global issues, such as arms proliferation, trafficking in human beings,
the fight against organised crime or environmental degradation.
Specifically, the Commission proposes continuing the political dialogue at
political director level on a half-yearly basis and scheduling half-yearly
troika dialogue expert meetings with China in areas such as Asian affairs,
non-proliferation and disarmament. It also proposes establishing regular
dialogue of troika political counsellors in Beijing with the Chinese Minister
for Foreign Affairs on selected regional and international issues.
The Commission recommends carrying out a regular evaluation of the outcome
and effectiveness of this political dialogue, and enhancing it as necessary
by establishing a framework of regular meetings.
This enhanced political dialogue must give priority to:
· human rights concerns;
· combating illegal immigration and trafficking in human beings;
· combating organised crime;
· regional issues (reconciliation between the two Koreas, cooperation
with regard to Burma, negotiated solution to the territorial claims in the
South China Sea, the Taiwan issue);
· disarmament and limiting arms proliferation and exports;
· promoting multilateral dialogue on security (preventing conflicts at
regional and international level).”
From all mentioned above we can see that EU realize that China is to serious
“power” and it is impossible not to take it into consideration. It is
important to involve China into managing worldwide problems. Both the EU and
China would get profit from it. The EU would get a strong partner in such
vast region as Asia, at the same time China’s international prestige would
According to EU’s strategy towards China, the European Union is supporting
China’s transition to an open society. That means: “ This involves making the
human rights dialogue with China more effective and results-oriented. It is
important to identify ways of assisting China in implementing the recently
ratified United Nations Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and
to encourage China to ratify the UN Covenant on Political and Civil Rights.
In addition, the Commission plans to continue implementation and preparation of
Community human rights programmes addressing the rule of law and legal reform,
economic, social, cultural, civil and political rights, and democracy.”
Despite on China’s economic and political power it has very serious
differences from Europe, especially at providing civil rights and democratic
liberties. As a result China could not become an international “conflict
manager”. If you are not agree try to imagine such picture: China is
providing civil rights in Northern Korea, for example, and at the same time
it could not provide the same civil rights on it’s own territory. Or how can
you imagine such situation when beggar is giving you advice how to become a
millionaire? So, before China will start solving problems of other states, it
has to solve it’s own problems, perhaps, with using of the EU’s experience on
The next point of EU’s strategy towards China is integrating China further in
the world economy. According to EU’s web site: “ In the area of trade, the
Commission highlights the importance of ensuring the correct implementation
of the commitments made by China within the framework of the World Trade
Organisation. There must be close cooperation between the EU and China in
order to promote the development and liberalisation of world trade. In this
respect, it is important to support the activities of the EU Chamber of
Commerce in China and EU and Chinese companies in their EU-China Business
The EU must also continue to encourage China's process of economic and social
reforms. In particular, China must be assisted in establishing an effective
social security network and developing its education system and human
resources through programmes targeting universities, civil servants, young
professionals, lawmakers and the media.
Moreover, the Commission calls for greater dialogue on key sectors such as the
information society, the environment, energy, science and technology,
enterprise policy, industrial standards and certification, customs, maritime
transport, securities markets and competition policy.”
China gets financial help from the European Union, which in turn needs
guarantee of qualitative using of its funds. The European finances should not
sink in bureaucrats’ pockets – they should benefit. The member states of the
EU took into consideration this moment and made another point of their
strategy towards China – making better use of existing European resources.
According to EU’s web site: “ In this area, the Commission advocates
strengthening the long-term programming of aid for China by finalising the
Country Strategy Paper (CSP), which defines the overall objectives and key
areas of intervention and the mechanisms of coordination with the beneficiary
country and other donors. This paper must take account of the EU's general
policies and, in particular, the development policy, the main aim of which is
to reduce poverty.
On the basis of this strategy paper, support activities must concentrate on
the following priority areas:
· support to the economic and social reform process with a view to
assisting China's efforts to ensure regional and social cohesion, reduce
poverty and promote gender equality;
· promotion of sustainable development;
· encouragement of good governance initiatives and promotion of the
rule of law.
In order to achieve these objectives, the Commission plans to continue to
focus on flexible projects in areas where the EU has a comparative advantage.
This flexibility must also govern project design, allowing for annual
adaptations of activities carried out and the budgets allocated to them.
Finally, the devolution of the project management cycle to the Commission's
Beijing Delegation must help to optimise the effectiveness of EU-China
Raising the EU’s profile in China is also very important point of EU’s
strategy towards China. “ This involves improving all aspects of the EU
information policy regarding China in order to promote mutual understanding
and facilitate exchanges of information. The Commission aims to enhance
knowledge and awareness of the European Union in China, in particular by
using modern information technologies such as the Internet.
Other initiatives may also be envisaged, including use of the EU Visitors
Programme to encourage Chinese decision-makers to come to Brussels and the
Member States, and the creation of associations and networks of alumni of EU
Finally, the Commission highlights the need for coordination and cooperation
between the EU Member States and the Commission's Beijing Delegation when
organising cultural events.”
To achieve it’s goals the EU implements required measures. According to EU’s
web site: “ The political dialogue with China has been formalised through an
exchange of letters at ministerial level, which set out a framework for
regular meetings on political and technical issues. The meeting programme set
out in the Communication has been implemented. The high-level talks on
illegal immigration have also continued.
The European Union has continued to express its concern regarding the human
rights situation in China, particularly in the context of the EU-Chinese
human rights dialogue and the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. The
Council has pointed out in particular that this dialogue is only acceptable
if it translates into progress on the ground. An EU-China inter-university
network to assist with the ratification and application of United Nations
human rights covenants has been established and is responsible for organising
seminars bringing together experts in the field. The cooperation programmes
in the field of human rights have all continued, while cooperation to prevent
torture is under consideration.
Since China's accession to the WTO in December 2001, the Commission has very
closely monitored China's compliance with its commitments, notably within the
framework of the sectoral dialogue with the China. Continuing this work is
one of the Commission's main aims with regard to China in the years ahead. In
parallel, the EU has renewed its support for this process through a new
cooperation programme totalling EUR 15 million.
Comprehensive dialogue on the information society, the environment and energy
has been launched, while dialogue on science and technology has been revived.
An agreement on maritime transport was signed in December 2002. In March
2003, the Commission received a negotiating mandate from the Council with a
view to concluding an agreement with China that would make it possible to
involve it in the Galileo programme. A Galileo representative office was
opened in Beijing in April 2003.
Finally, a new 2002-2006 cooperation strategy with China was adopted in 2002.
Under the 2002-2004 National Indicative Programme, a total of EUR 150 million
has been set aside for cooperation measures, particularly in the fields of
economic and social reform, sustainable development and good governance.”
In conclusion it is necessary to say that now, when we investigated EU-
China’s relationships we can give an answer to the main question of this
paper – how far is China from Europe? According to all we have mentioned
above we can see that the European Union has to make a great job to
“transform” China into “European” country – at present China is too different
from Europe. So, the answer for our question is evident. China is very far
from Europe and this concerns not only huge distance between Europe and Asia,
it concerns practically all spheres of life. Economic, political and
especially social differences between China and Europe are too deep.