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"There is no separation of utility and beauty. You cannot determine where a tree stops being beautiful and starts becoming utilitarian." Richard Neutra
A successfully designed building has been compared to a beautiful symphony. The parts of a building, like individual instruments in an orchestra, have the capacity to make up a whole that is greater than if they were played alone. Imagine, for instance, that an office space had a beautifully designed interior and state-of-the-art furniture and computer equipment, but could not be heated and cooled properly. The lack of adequate climate control would be as apparent as if a loud "off-key" note were played during a symphony.
Like musical instruments, building systems, materials, and products incorporated into a design must be "integrated" in a supporting way to create a unified whole that achieves the desired functional purpose. See 'Whole Building' Design Approach.
An integrated solution results from a methodical design approach that considers the characteristics and properties of each system or product, its role in the greater whole of the design, and its needs for installation, coordination with other building systems and O&M serviceability. For example, the selection of a ceiling light fixture has implications that must be considered in terms of aesthetics and light as well as energy use, heat, noise, and radiation. An integrated design team will:
- Develop design concepts that meet functional needs of the building program;
- Understand the integral relationship of form and function;
- Evaluate product/system selection for the specific application;
- Seek design solutions that fully integrate product/systems; and
- Consider how the facility will be operated and maintained.
Develop Design Concepts that Meet Functional Needs of the Building Program
- Understand the full-range of needs (e.g., cognitive, emotional, and cultural) of occupants required to perform programmed activities (space, environmental qualities, furniture, fixtures, equipment, communications, information technologies, etc.).
- Explore a variety of design solutions and consider the merits of each alternative on the basis of functional performance.
- Facilitate discussions with users to evaluate and test assumptions made involving functional issues. See WBDG Planning and Conducting Integrated Design (ID) Charrettes.
- Understand design implications and space needs of unique "mission critical" activities requiring permanent construction as compared to more flexible spaces that can be configured to support multiple activities and functions.
- Track decisions to maintain focus on design intents.
Understand the Integral Relationship Between Form and Function
Functional characteristics of building systems (e.g., air distribution systems) can serve as unique design opportunities in shaping the facility's form and aesthetics. See WBDG, Aesthetic Opportunities and Aesthetic Challenges.
- Accept environmental conditions as a significant influence on the building's form.
- Develop design concepts that provide the user with a clear sense of the facility's functional purpose.
- Use product/systems integration to support functional requirements and aesthetic goals.
Evaluate Product/System Selection for the Specific Application
- Select systems and products that are "use-and user-appropriate" and support functional and psychological goals of individual spaces as well as the entire facility.
- Avoid a "one size fits all" design approach. Also see WBDG Accessible—Beyond Accessibility to Universal Design and Design for the Changing Workplace.
- Look at design problems as unique opportunities for creativity and innovation in the selection of products and systems. See WBDG Aesthetic Opportunities and Aesthetic Challenges.
- When resolving conflicts in the design and selection of products and systems, coordinate with consideration of opportunities and impacts affecting design and constructability of all involved building systems.
- Consider energy conservation and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis in the selection of products and systems especially for facilities with longer expected/designed service life (such as institutional and governmental buildings).
Seek Integrated Design Solutions that Fully Incorporate Product/Systems
- Adopt a 'Whole Buildings' approach—Systems integration involves the awareness of all affected trades and disciplines. Design with functional attributes of systems and products in mind.
- Select materials and products that are compatible with design objectives for both appearance and function.
- Carefully research the owner's equipment requirements and integrate them with the design.
Consider How the Facility Will Be Operated and Maintained
- Anticipate the needs of the building-cleaning program, including refuse storage and disposal.
- Provide adequate space for maintenance equipment, materials, and storage.
- Design for regular building systems maintenance, including easy access to light fixtures, HVAC filters, sensors, and surfaces requiring scheduled cleaning.
- Plan for eventual replacement of major systems components.
- Give careful thought to designing delivery drives, loading docks, and storage rooms. Allow ample maneuvering room and clearance width and height.
- Increased use of extranets and new communication tools that enhance interdisciplinary design coordination
- Use of object-oriented Building Information Modeling (BIM) with documentation systems containing real-time building data in 3-dimensional, 4-dimensional (time), and/or 5-dimensional (cost) construction documents; the ability to check for systems clashes and interferences prior to construction; and the capability to use the BIM model as a facility maintenance tool throughout the life of the facility.
Relevant Codes and Standards
- The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED® v4) Green Building Rating System™ is a program of the U.S. Green Building Council.
Products and Systems
Documents and References
- Architectural Graphic Standards, 12th Edition by Charles Ramsey and Harold Sleeper. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007—The most widely recognized reference manual for architectural design guidance on planning, design standards, building systems, materials, methods, and construction techniques.
- The Building Systems Integration Handbook by Richard D. Rush. Butterworth-Heineman, 1991.
- Design & Planning of Engineering Systems 2nd Edition by Dale Meredith, Kam Wong, Ronald Woodhead, and Robert Wortman. Princeton, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1985.
- Design for Maintainability Guidebook by Construction Industry Institute (CII). Oct 1999. IR142-2.—Designed to assist owners and others by providing specific instructions on using tools for improved design for maintainability. Includes a self-assessment that will define the user's "level of maintainability," and then provides specifics on more than 22 maintainability best practices as well as 16 tools to help in implementing the best practices.
- Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, Fourth Edition by Cyril M. Harris. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 2006. 1089 pages.
- Environmental Control Systems by Fuller Moore. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993.
- Fundamentals of Building Construction: Materials and Methods, 6th Edition by Edward Allen and Joseph Iano. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013, ©2014.
- The Integrated Workplace: A Comprehensive Approach to Developing Workspace by Office of Real Property in the Office of Government wide Policy of the U.S. General Services Administration. May 1999. Developed by GSA's Office of Real Property to provide guidelines to help federal agencies define important issues and needs for an organization's workspace; to identify measurement tools that can be used to track the workplace's effects on people and organizations; and to define the basic elements of the Integrated workplace—people, technology, and space—and discusses how each of these should be considered when providing new or reconfigured offices.
- Time-Saver Standards for Interior Design and Space Planning by Joseph DeChiara, Julius Panero, Martin Zelnik. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc., 2001.
- Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture by Charles W. Harris, Nicholas T. Dines. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc., 1997.
- Time-Saver Standards for Urban Design by Donald Watson. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc., 2003.
- American Council of Engineering Companies (ACEC)
- The American Institute of Architects (AIA)
- American Society of Interior Designers (ASID)
- American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA)
- Building Commissioning Association (BCA)
- Construction Industry Institute (CII)
- Construction Specifications Institute (CSI)
- Fully Integrated and Automated Technology (FIATECH)
- International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB)
- International Interior Design Association (IIDA)
- National Charrette Institute (NCI)
- National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE)
- Specification Consultants in Independent Practice (SCIP)
- Union of International Architects (UIA)