|The one-room schoolhouse at Knotts Berry Farm|
It’s August, which means school is starting soon for many of us—whether you have children in school or are a teacher like I am! While I didn’t always know I wanted to be a teacher, I grew up loving old-fashioned stories about young schoolteachers in one-room schoolhouses, like Anne Shirley in Anne of Avonlea, Laura Ingalls in These Happy Golden Years, and Christy Huddleston in Catherine Marshall’s Christy.
So this month, I thought it would be fun to look at some facts—and possible fiction—of what it took to be a schoolteacher in the 19th century.
When my husband and sister and I visited Knotts Berry Farm a few years ago, we stepped inside the old-fashioned schoolhouse set up in the “Old West” Ghost Town section of the park. I was intrigued by a framed set of rules hanging on the wall, labeled “Rules for Teachers 1872.” The rules read as follows:
1. Teachers each day will fill lamps, trim wicks and clean chimneys.
2. Each morning teacher will bring a bucket of water and a scuttle of coal for the day’s session.
3. Make your pens carefully. You may whittle nibs to the individual taste of the pupils.
4. Men teachers may take one evening each week for courting purposes, or two evenings a week if they attend church regularly.
5. After ten hours in school, the teachers may spend the remaining time reading the Bible or any other good books.
6. Women teachers who marry or engage in unseemly conduct will be dismissed.
7. Every teacher should lay aside from each pay a goodly sum of his earnings for his benefit during his declining years so that he will not become a burden on society.
8. Any teacher who smokes, uses liquor in any form, frequents pool or public halls, or gets shaved in a barber shop will give good reason to suspect his worth, intention, integrity, and honesty.
9. The teacher who performs his labor faithfully and without fault for five years will be given an increase of twenty-five cents per week in his pay, providing the Board of Education approves.
|The classic McGuffey readers, staple of 19th century one-room schools|
By Tpdwkouaa - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, Wikimedia Commons
Rather a daunting list! In researching the historicity of these rules, though they appear on numerous websites and even in a book on one-room schools, I found little firm evidence that they actually were established as the official rules of any particular district in the 19th century. It is, however, unquestionable that teachers were expected to be paragons of moral virtue and an example to the pupils they taught.
As Horace Mann, Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education wrote in The Common School Journal in 1841, “The school committee are sentinels stationed at the door of every school house in the State, to see that no teacher crosses its threshold, who is not clothed, from the crown of his head to the sole of his foot, in garments of virtue.”
This quote also hints at the fact that early schoolteachers were uniformly male. However, about this time in the 1840s, the door began to open for women to become teachers. While this “radical” idea met with some protest, many argued that not only could women be paid less than men, but they were uniquely suited for the task of teaching and nurturing children.
In fact, according to the Littleton School Committee of Littleton, Massachusetts, in 1849, “God seems to have made women peculiarly suited to guide and develop the infant mind, and it seems…very poor policy to pay a man 20 or 22 dollars a month, for teaching children the ABCs, when a female could do the work more successfully at one third of the price.”
|Bichet one-room school in Marion County, Kansas|
By MadameGraffigny, Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0. Wikimedia Commons
So, what were the requirements to become a teacher? Despite the stringent moral standards, in certain ways the educational requirements were lower than today. Some teenage girls became teachers with only the equivalent of an 8th grade education, though we can see from Laura Ingalls’s experience that a teacher examination still had to be passed. As also seen in the Little House and Christy books and confirmed by other sources, it could be quite intimidating for a fifteen-to-nineteen-year-old girl to be faced with a classroom of fifty to sixty students of all ages and levels, especially when the “big boys” arrived during the farming off-seasons, young men often bigger, older, and stronger than the teachers.
Still, these young women persevered, and gradually helped transform education in America to be more creative, more child-centered, and more equitable in treatment and pay for male and female teachers.
So, which of the “1872 rules” for schoolteachers stand out to you most? Do they seem authentic? What else struck you about 19th century schoolteachers? Please comment and share!
Kiersti Giron holds a life-long passion for history and historical fiction. She loves to write stories that show the intersection of past and present, explore relationships that bridge cultural divides, and probe the healing Jesus can bring out of brokenness. Kiersti has been published in several magazines, won the 2013 ACFW Genesis Award - Historical for her manuscript Beneath a Turquoise Sky, and is currently a 2018 Genesis Finalist. A high school English teacher and member of American Christian Fiction Writers, Kiersti loves learning and growing with other writers penning God's story into theirs, as well as blogging at . She lives in California with her wonderful husband, Anthony, and their two kitties.