When it comes to fighting off pathogens like Listeria, your best allies may be the billions of microorganisms that line your gut, suggests a new study.
The study revealed that germ-free mice are more susceptible to infection with the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes than mice with conventional intestinal microbiota.
The authors were also able to show that expression of five intestinal microRNA (miRNA) molecules decreases in conventional mice upon Listeria infection while it did not in germ-free mice, indicating that the gut microbiota may determine, at least in part, how the mouse genome expression is reprogrammed in the gut and how the animal responds to an infection.
"We were surprised by the robustness of the intestinal miRNA signature in germ-free mice and conventional mice," corresponding author Pascale Cossart of the Institut Pasteur in Paris, France, said. "Our results show that even very small variations in miRNA expression can have important outcomes," for the health of the animals.
Cossart and her colleagues approached the matter using the system they know best: Listeria infection. L. monocytogenes is a frequent contaminant of raw milk products, and a highly publicized outbreak traced to Listeria-contaminated cantaloupe left 30 people dead in the fall of 2011.
Previous studies in Cossart's lab have shown that during infection with Listeria, the bacterium AND the host both reprogram their protein manufacturing using small non-coding RNA molecules like miRNA - pieces of genetic material that are used to selectively regulate the creation of proteins.
Here, the researchers used conventional mice and germ-free mice to address the question of whether - and how - the gut microbiota has an effect on the course of infection and on the production of these regulatory miRNA molecules.
Cossart said they found that even though the intestinal miRNA signature is globally stable, Listeria infection can affect the host miRNA response in a microbiota-dependent manner. When paralleled with the lower susceptibility of the conventional mice to infection, these down-regulated regulatory molecules present an intriguing result, write the authors.
She noted that although this study was conducted in mice, miRNA and the protein coding gene targets they regulate may be very similar in mice and in humans.
The study was published in journal mBio.