Physics meets philosophy at the Planck scale
Contemporary Theories in Quantum Gravity
William G. Unruh
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print Publication Year: 2001
Online Publication Date:December 2009
Chapter DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511612909.008
It has now been 25 years since Hawking (Hawking 1974, 1975, Bardeen, Carter, and Hawking 1973) first surprised the world of physics with his analysis of quantum fields near black holes. Black holes, as their name implies, were believed to be objects into which things could fall, but out of which nothing could come. They were the epitome of black and dark objects. However, Hawking's analysis predicted that black holes should radiate, the radiation should be continuous and thermal, and the temperature should be inversely proportional to the mass of the black hole. Since black holes can also be said to have an energy proportional to their mass, this result led to opening of a whole new field of black hole thermodynamics.
That black holes could behave like thermodynamic objects had been intimated by results over the the previous five years. Christodolou (1970), Hawking and Ellis (1973, especially Lemma 9.2.2), Misner, Thorne, and Wheeler (1973) and Bekenstein (1973, 1974) had shown that there were certain formal similarities between black holes and thermodynamic objects. In particular, if one assumed positive energy for matter (an uncontested assumption), then – as Hawking most clearly showed – the area of a black hole horizon does not decrease. However, this formal similarity with entropy, which also does not decrease for an isolated system, did not seem to have any real relation with thermodynamics. The entropy of a body does not decrease only if the body is isolated, and not in interaction with any other system.