Year 44 BC was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
- Consuls: Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Antonius
- March 15 (Roman Calendar) — (the Ides of March) — Julius Caesar, dictator of Rome, is assassinated by a group of Roman senators, amongst them Gaius Cassius Longinus, Marcus Junius Brutus, and Caesar's Massilian naval commander, Decimus Brutus. Caesar's famous last quote — coined by William Shakespeare in his play Julius Caesar — was most likely not spoken (see: "Et tu, Brute?").
- March 20 — Caesar's funeral.
- Early April — Octavian returns from Apollonia in Dalmatia to Rome to take up Caesar's inheritance, against advice from Atia (his mother and Caesar's niece) and consular stepfather Phillipus.
- April 18 to April 21 — Octavian engages in charm offensive with consular Cicero who is fulminating against Mark Antony.
- June — Antony granted a five-year governorship of northern and central Transalpine Gaul (France) and Cisalpine Gaul (Northern Italy).
- September 2 — Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.
- September 2 — First of Cicero's Philippics (oratorical attacks) on Antony. He will make 14 of them over the next several months.
- December — Antony besieges Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus in Mutina (Modena), with Octavian, an ally of Decimus, one of his uncle's assassins, close by.