Концепция языка У.В.О. Куайна и её критика Н. Хомским
This paper is aimed to show crucial points of Quine’s language acquisition conception that were criticized by Noam Chomsky. Willard Van Orman Quine tried to build a language theory in a behavioristic way using such terms as: stimulus, reaction and reinforcement. He thought that language acquisition by children could be explained as the process of ontogenesis of reference. N. Chomsky mainly objected to behaviorism and showed its weak explanatory force in language theory.
Der vorliegende Bank ist einer fuenf jaehrigen Projektarbeit zu Synergie-Konzepten. Synergie ist ein Schlüsselbegriff in Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft. Wie wird er historisch und gegenwärtig verwendet? Was zeichnet ihn als produktives Paradigma in interdisziplinären Forschungs- und Praxisfeldern aus? Als Modell einer holistischen Beschreibung der Wirklichkeit macht die synergetische Perspektive die aristotelische Einsicht fruchtbar, dass das Ganze mehr ist als bloß die Summe seiner Teile. Allgemeine Theorien des Zusammenwirkens (synérgeia) nehmen hier ihren Ausgangspunkt. Mit Blick auf kooperative Interaktionen und dynamische Strukturbildungen in Natur, Kunst und Gesellschaft untersuchen die Beiträge philosophie-, wissenschafts- und kulturgeschichtliche Konstellationen, in denen Synergie-Konzepte besondere Konjunktur haben, und fragen nach dem Zukunftspotenzial dieser transdisziplinären Denkfigur.
This book is a collection of papers written by Russian and foreign linguists to highlight the different aspects of bilingualism. Much attention is paid to the early simultaneous and successive bilingualism in children; however, adults speaking several languages in natural settings as well as in classroom are also considered. Some chapters are concentrated on language attrition — an opposite process to language acquisition that happens when a native language for some reasons is not more used for communication. The data from Azerbaijan, English, Finnish, Georgian, German, Italian, Norwegian, Russian, Urum and Uzbek served as a base for comparison. This volume is addressed to linguists, psychologists, speech pathologists and teachers working with bilingual children, as well as to their parents.
The monograph is devoted to the consideration of complex systems from the position of the end the 21st century. The considerable breakthrough in the understanding of complex systems is comprehensively analyzed. Such a breakthrough is connected with the use of the newest methods of nonlinear dynamics, of organization of the modern computational experiments. The book is meant for specialists in different fields of natural sciences and the humanities as well as for all readers who are interested in the recent advancements in science.
By using tongue twisters from a variety of folk traditions, the article demonstrates how the inevitable failure to perform a tongue twister flawlessly consists of the performer's inability to differentiate between phonemic, semantic, morphological and syntactic homonyms, thus mirroring the experience of a child learning his/her native language. The article suggests that tongue twisters serve as an artistic means for the linguistically competent performer to revisit that earlier and forgotten stage in language acquisition.
Atomism and holism are considered as two opposite by implication but complementary approaches in the modern theory of complex self-organizing systems (theory of complexity). Atomism is connected with the consideration of nesting of complex structures in the world, their fractal organization, where we can reach elementary, further indivisible structural fragments on those basis complex scale invariant, self-similar spatio-temporal structures grow up. Besides, atomism is connected with the study of hierarchical organization of being and of elements, parts, subsystems out of which a whole structure is built. At the same time, it is shown in the article that the whole theory of complexity is penetrated by holism, and its holism is evolutionary by its character. Holism in evolution of complex self-organizing systems is coupled with the appearance of emergent properties of integral structural forms as well as with the discreteness, certain set of structures-attractors of evolution. The modern atomism can be brought into correlation with the notion of frames of perception in cognitive science. Proceeding from the system and evolutionary worldview, some arguments are put forward in favor of a hypothesis of the origins of the alphabetical writing in close connection with the studies of atoms in physical nature (Nidem, A.I. Kosyrev, V.G. Lysenko).