HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
THIRTIETH LEGISLATURE, 2020
STATE OF HAWAII
A BILL FOR AN ACT
RELATING TO PRIVACY.
BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF HAWAII:
SECTION 1. The legislature finds that House Concurrent Resolution No. 225 S.D.1, Regular Session of 2019 ("resolution") established the twenty-first century privacy law task force ("task force"), whose membership consisted of individuals in government and the private sector with an interest or expertise in privacy law in the digital era. The resolution found that public use of the internet and related technologies have significantly expanded in recent years, and that a lack of meaningful government regulation has resulted in personal privacy being compromised. Accordingly, the legislature requested that the task force examine and make recommendations regarding existing privacy laws and regulations to protect the privacy interests of the people of Hawaii.
The legislature further finds that the task force considered a spectrum of related privacy issues which have been raised in Hawaii and other states in recent years. Numerous states have begun to address the heightened and unique privacy risks that threaten individuals in the digital era of the twenty-first century. California has enacted a comprehensive privacy act and dozens of other states have already adopted components of the privacy law contained in this Act.
The legislature further finds that in early 2020, governmental and societal responses to the COVID-19 pandemic changed typical types of human interaction. As residents have been mandated and encouraged to stay at home to prevent infection and the spread of COVID-19, an increased online presence has become the new normal. Residents have been forced to use digital methods to shop for groceries and household items, attend classes, complete work projects, and engage in other activity that could usually be done through non-digital means. Often times these online activities require users to create accounts and share personal information. These online activities also require many businesses to protect a larger volume and new types of data than before, making them potential targets for those looking to steal personal information and data for nefarious purposes.
Following significant inquiry and discussion, the task force made various recommendations on issues such as: modernizing the definition of "personal information" as it relates to data breaches and the nonconsensual sale of a person's data such as geolocation information.
The task force recommended that the definition of "personal information" in chapter 487N, Hawaii Revised Statutes, should be updated and expanded, as the current definition of "personal information" is outdated and needs to be amended. The types of personal information collected by companies online has grown significantly since chapter 487N, Hawaii Revised Statutes, was enacted, and the ways that bad actors can use that information has grown as well. There are many identifying data elements that, when exposed to the public in a data breach, place an individual at risk of identity theft or may compromise the individual's personal safety. Chapter 487N, which requires the public to be notified of data breaches, is not comprehensive enough, as presently written, to cover the additional identifiers. Especially in light of increased digital activity users engage in because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the definition of "personal information" in chapter 487N, Hawaii Revised Statutes, should be updated and expanded to include various personal identifiers and data elements that are found in more comprehensive laws.
Additionally, the high transmissibility of the COVID-19 virus has led businesses and governments to consider and implement ways to contact trace people that may have been exposed to the virus. Certain proposed methods of contact tracing have included using geolocation data.
The task force recommended that explicit consent be required before an individual's geolocation data may be shared or sold to a third party. Residents of Hawaii should be able to share their contact tracing information with authorized parties to help limit the spread of the novel coronavirus, without sacrificing their privacy or safety.
The task force further recommended that, in order to align state law with the holding by the Supreme Court of the United States in Carpenter v. United States, 138 S.Ct. 2206 (2018), and current law enforcement practice, the Hawaii Revised Statutes should be amended to:
(1) Require law enforcement to obtain a search warrant before accessing a person's electronic communications in non-exigent or non-consensual circumstances; and
(2) Authorize governmental entities to request, and authorize courts to approve, the delay of notification of law enforcement access to electronic communications up to the deadline to provide discovery in criminal cases.
Lastly, the task force recommended that the State protect the privacy of a person's likeness by adopting laws that prohibit the unauthorized use of deep fake technology, which is advancing rapidly, and easily sharable on social media.
Accordingly, the purpose of this Act is to protect Hawaii residents and their personal data in a digitally-focused COVID‑19 society by implementing certain recommendations of the twenty-first century privacy law task force.
SECTION 2. Section 487N-1, Hawaii Revised Statutes, is amended as follows:
1. By adding two new definitions to be appropriately inserted and to read:
""Identifier" means a first name or initial, and last name.
"Specified data element" means any of the following:
(1) An individual's social security number;
(2) Driver's license number, federal or state identification card number, or passport number;
(3) A federal individual taxpayer identification number;
(4) An individual's financial account number or credit or debit card number; security code, access code, personal identification number, or password that would allow access to an individual's account;
(5) Health insurance policy number, subscriber identification number, or any other unique number used by a health insurer to identify a person;
(6) Medical treatment by a health care professional, diagnosis of mental or physical condition by a health care professional, or deoxyribonucleic acid profile;
(7) Unique biometric data generated from a measurement or analysis of human body characteristics used for identification purposes, such as a fingerprint, voice print, retina or iris image, or other unique physical or digital representation of biometric data; and
(8) A private key that is unique to an individual and that is used to authenticate or sign an electronic record."
2. By amending the definition of "personal information" to read:
means an [
individual's first name or first initial and last name in
combination with any one or more of the following data elements, when either
the name or the data elements are not encrypted: (1) Social security
number; (2) Driver's license
number or Hawaii identification card number; or (3) Account number,
credit or debit card number, access code, or password that would permit access
to an individual's financial account.]
identifier in combination with one or more
specified data elements, when the specified data element or elements are not
encrypted or otherwise rendered unreadable.
"Personal information" [
does] shall not include
publicly available information that is lawfully made available to the general
public from federal, state, or local government records."
SECTION 3. Section 487N-2, Hawaii Revised Statutes, is amended by amending subsection (g) to read as follows:
"(g) The following businesses shall be deemed to be in compliance with this section:
(1) A financial institution that is subject to the federal Interagency Guidance on Response Programs for Unauthorized Access to Customer Information and Customer Notice published in the Federal Register on March 29, 2005, by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and the Office of Thrift Supervision, or subject to 12 C.F.R. Part 748, and any revisions, additions, or substitutions relating to the interagency guidance; and
(2) Any health plan or
healthcare provider and its business associates that [
subject to and in compliance with the standards for privacy or individually
identifiable health information and the security standards for the protection
of electronic health information of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability
Act of 1996."
SECTION 4. Chapter 481B, Hawaii Revised Statutes, is amended by adding a new section to part I to be appropriately designated and to read as follows:
"§481B- Sale of contact tracing information without consent is prohibited. (a) No person or state agency, in any manner, or by any means, shall sell or offer for sale contact tracing information that is recorded or collected without the consent of the individual who is the primary user of the device or application.
(b) This section shall not apply to any activity involving the collection, maintenance, disclosure, sale, communication, or use of geolocation information to detect security incidents; protect against malicious, deceptive, fraudulent, or illegal activity; or to prosecute those responsible for that activity.
(c) As used in this section:
"Consent" means a clear affirmative act signifying a freely given, specific, informed, and unambiguous indication of a user's agreement, such as by written statement, including by electronic means, or other clear affirmative action.
"Contact tracing information" means information that is:
(1) Generated by or derived, in whole or in part, from the operation of a mobile device, including but not limited to a smart phone, tablet, fitness tracker, e‑reader, or laptop computer;
(2) Sufficient to determine or infer the location of the identifiable user of the device with precision and accuracy below one thousand seven hundred fifty feet; and
(3) Gathered for the purpose of identifying users who were in contact with a person who has tested positive for COVID-19 or was likely exposed to COVID-19.
"Contact tracing information" relates only to information collected following the effective date of this Act. "Contact tracing information" does not include information collected by an employer for the purposes of ensuring workplace, employee, or customer safety with regard to identifying and limited the spread of COVID-19.
"Emergency" means the imminent or actual occurrence of an event, which has the likelihood of causing extensive injury, death, or property damage. "Emergency" shall not include the spread of a bacteria or virus.
"Sale" means the exchange of a user's contact tracing information for monetary consideration. The term "sale" shall not include the releasing, disclosing, disseminating, making available, transferring, or otherwise communicating orally, in writing, or by electronic or other means, a user's contact tracing information for the purpose of responding to an emergency or a pandemic. The term "sale" shall not include the transfer of a user's contact tracing information to a service provider who processes the contact tracing data on behalf of the user.
"Service provider" means any legal entity that collects or processes contact tracing data at the discretion of a state agency or user.
"User" means a person who purchases or leases a device or installs or uses an application on a mobile device and is a resident of Hawaii."
SECTION 5. Section 803-41, Hawaii Revised Statutes, is amended by adding a new definition to be appropriately inserted and to read as follows:
""Electronically stored data" means any information that is recorded, stored, or maintained in electronic form by an electronic communication service or a remote computing service. "Electronically stored data" includes the contents of communications, transactional records about communications, and records and information that relate to a subscriber, customer, or user of an electronic communication service or a remote computing service."
SECTION 6. Section 803-47.6, Hawaii Revised Statutes, is amended to read as follows:
"§803-47.6 Requirements for
governmental access. (a) [
A] Except as otherwise provided by
law, a governmental entity may require [ the disclosure by] a provider
of an electronic communication service [ of the contents of an
electronic communication] and a provider of a remote computing service
to disclose electronically stored data pursuant to a search warrant [ only.]
or written consent from the customer, subscriber, or user of the service.
(b) A governmental entity may require a provider
of remote computing services to disclose the contents of any electronic
communication pursuant to a search warrant only. (c) Subsection (b) of this section is applicable
to any electronic communication held or maintained on a remote computing
service: (1) On behalf of,
and received by electronic transmission from (or created by computer processing
of communications received by electronic transmission from), a subscriber or
customer of the remote computing service; and (2) Solely for the
purpose of providing storage or computer processing services to the subscriber
or customer, if the provider is not authorized to access the contents of those
communications for any purpose other than storage or computer processing. (d)(1) A provider of
electronic communication service or remote computing service may disclose a
record or other information pertaining to a subscriber to, or customer of, the
service (other than the contents of any electronic communication) to any person
other than a governmental entity. (2) A provider of
electronic communication service or remote computing service shall disclose a record
or other information pertaining to a subscriber to, or customer of, the service
(other than the contents of an electronic communication) to a governmental
entity only when: (A) Presented
with a search warrant; (B) Presented
with a court order, which seeks the disclosure of transactional records, other
than real-time transactional records; (C) The
consent of the subscriber or customer to the disclosure has been obtained; or (D) Presented
with an administrative subpoena authorized by statute, an attorney general
subpoena, or a grand jury or trial subpoena, which seeks the disclosure of
information concerning electronic communication, including but not limited to
the name, address, local and long distance telephone billing records, telephone
number or other subscriber number or identity, and length of service of a
subscriber to or customer of the service, and the types of services the
subscriber or customer utilized. (3) A governmental
entity receiving records or information under this subsection is not required
to provide notice to a subscriber or customer. (e) A court order for disclosure under subsection
(d) shall issue only if the governmental entity demonstrates probable cause
that the records or other information sought, constitute or relate to the fruits,
implements, or existence of a crime or are relevant to a legitimate law
enforcement inquiry. An order may be
quashed or modified if, upon a motion promptly made, the service provider shows
that compliance would be unduly burdensome because of the voluminous nature of
the information or records requested, or some other stated reason establishing
such a hardship.]
(b) Unless otherwise authorized by the court, a governmental entity receiving records or information under this section shall provide notice to the subscriber, customer, or user of the service.
(f)] (c) No cause of action shall lie in any court
against any provider of wire or electronic communication service, its officers,
employees, agents, or other specified persons for providing information,
facilities, or assistance in accordance with the terms of a court order,
warrant, or subpoena.
(g)] (d) A provider of wire or electronic
communication services or a remote computing service, upon the request of a
governmental entity, shall take all necessary steps to preserve records and
other evidence in its possession pending the issuance of a [ court order or
other process.] search warrant.
Records shall be retained for a period of ninety days, which shall be
extended for an additional ninety-day period upon a renewed request by the
SECTION 7. Section 803-47.7, Hawaii Revised Statutes, is amended as follows:
1. By amending subsection (a) to read
"(a) A governmental entity may include in its [
order] search warrant a requirement that the service provider create
a backup copy of the contents of the electronic communication without notifying
the subscriber or customer. The service
provider shall create the backup copy as soon as practicable, consistent with
its regular business practices, and shall confirm to the governmental entity
that the backup copy has been made. The
backup copy shall be created within two business days after receipt by the
service provider of the [ subpoena or court order.] search warrant."
2. By amending subsection (e) to read:
"(e) Within fourteen days after notice by the
governmental entity to the subscriber or customer under subsection (b) of this
section, the subscriber or customer may file a motion to vacate the [
order,] search warrant, with written notice and a copy of the motion
being served on both the governmental entity and the service provider. The motion to vacate a [ court order] search
warrant shall be filed with the designated judge who issued the [ order.]
warrant. The motion or application
shall contain an affidavit or sworn statement:
(1) Stating that the applicant is a customer or subscriber to the service from which the contents of electronic communications are sought; and
(2) Setting forth the applicant's reasons for believing that the records sought does not constitute probable cause or there has not been substantial compliance with some aspect of the provisions of this part."
3. By amending subsection (g) to read:
"(g) If the court finds that the applicant is not
the subscriber or customer whose communications are sought, or that there is
reason to believe that the law enforcement inquiry is legitimate and the
justification for the communications sought is supported by probable cause, the
application or motion shall be denied, and the court shall order the release of
the backup copy to the government entity.
A court order denying a motion or application shall not be deemed a
final order, and no interlocutory appeal may be taken therefrom by the customer. If the court finds that the applicant is a
proper subscriber or customer and the justification for the communication
sought is not supported by probable cause or that there has not been
substantial compliance with the provisions of this part, it shall order vacation
of the [
order] search warrant previously issued."
SECTION 8. Section 803-47.8, Hawaii Revised Statutes, is amended as follows:
1. By amending subsection (a) to read:
"(a) A governmental entity may as part of a
request for a [
court order] search warrant to include a provision
that notification be delayed for a period not exceeding ninety days or, at
the discretion of the court, no later than the deadline to provide discovery in
a criminal case, if the court determines that notification of the existence
of the [ court order] warrant may have an adverse result."
2. By amending subsection (c) to read:
"(c) Extensions of delays in notification may be
granted up to ninety days per application to a court[
.] or, at the
discretion of the court, up to the deadline to provide discovery in a criminal
case. Each application for an
extension must comply with subsection (e) of this section."
3. By amending subsection (e) to read:
"(e) A governmental entity may apply to the
designated judge or any other circuit judge or district court judge, if a
circuit court judge has not yet been designated by the chief justice of the
Hawaii supreme court, or is otherwise unavailable, for an order commanding a
provider of an electronic communication service or remote computing service to
whom a search warrant, or court order is directed, not to notify any other
person of the existence of the search warrant[
, or court order] for such
period as the court deems appropriate not to exceed ninety days[ .] or,
at the discretion of the court, no later than the deadline to provide discovery
in a criminal case. The court shall
enter the order if it determines that there is reason to believe that
notification of the existence of the search warrant[ , or court order]
will result in:
(1) Endangering the life or physical safety of an individual;
(2) Flight from prosecution;
(3) Destruction of or tampering with evidence;
(4) Intimidation of potential witnesses; or
(5) Otherwise seriously jeopardizing an investigation or unduly delaying a trial."
SECTION 9. Section 711-1110.9, Hawaii Revised Statutes, is amended to read as follows:
"§711-1110.9 Violation of privacy in the first degree. (1) A person commits the offense of violation of privacy in the first degree if, except in the execution of a public duty or as authorized by law:
(a) The person
intentionally or knowingly installs or uses, or both, in any private place, without consent of the person or persons entitled to privacy
therein, any device for observing, recording,
amplifying, or broadcasting another person in a stage of undress or sexual
activity in that place; [
(b) The person
knowingly discloses or threatens to disclose an image or video of another
identifiable person either in the nude, as defined in section 712‑1210,
or engaging in sexual conduct, as defined in section 712-1210, without the consent of the depicted person, with
intent to harm substantially the depicted person with respect to that person's
health, safety, business, calling, career, education, financial condition, reputation,
or personal relationships or as an act of revenge or retribution; [
(c) The person intentionally creates or discloses, or threatens to disclose, an image or video of a fictitious person depicted in the nude, as defined in section 712-1210, or engaged in sexual conduct, as defined in section 712-1210, that includes the recognizable physical characteristics of a known person so that the image or video appears to depict the known person and not a fictitious person, with intent to substantially harm the depicted person with respect to that person's health, safety, business, calling, career, education, financial condition, reputation, or personal relationships, or as an act or revenge or retribution.
(2) This [ paragraph] section
shall not apply to images or videos of the depicted person made:
(A)] (a) When the person was voluntarily nude in
public or voluntarily engaging in sexual conduct in public; or
(B)] (b) Pursuant to a voluntary commercial
transaction[ ; and].
(3) Nothing in this [ paragraph] section
shall be construed to impose liability on a provider of "electronic
communication service" or "remote computing service" as those
terms are defined in section 803-41, for an image or video disclosed through
the electronic communication service or remote computing service by another
(2)] (4) Violation of privacy in the first degree is a
class C felony.
In addition to any penalties the court may impose, the court may order
the destruction of any recording made in violation of this section.
(3)] (5) Any recording or image
made or disclosed in violation of this section and not destroyed pursuant
to subsection [ (2)] (4)
shall be sealed and remain confidential."
SECTION 10. This Act does not affect rights and duties that matured, penalties that were incurred, and proceedings that were begun before its effective date.
SECTION 11. Statutory material to be repealed is bracketed and stricken. New statutory material is underscored.
SECTION 12. This Act shall take effect on September 1, 2020, and shall be repealed on September 1, 2025; provided that sections 2 through 9 of this Act shall be reenacted in the form in which they read on the day before the effective date of this Act.
Privacy; Attorney General; Personal Information; Contact Tracing Information; Search Warrants; Notice; Deep Fakes
Modernizes "personal information" for the purposes of security breach of personal information law. Prohibits the sale of contact tracing information without consent. Amends provisions relating to electronic eavesdropping law. Prohibits certain manipulated images of individuals. Effective 9/1/2020. Sunsets 9/1/2025. (SD1)
The summary description of legislation appearing on this page is for informational purposes only and is not legislation or evidence of legislative intent.