2)Weirs and Notches: Rectangular, triangular, Cippoletti, sharp crested and broad crested weirs, submerged weirs.
3)Turbulent flow in circular pipes: Fluid friction in pipes, head loss due to friction. Darcy-Weisbach equation, Variation of friction factor with wall roughness – Moody’s chart. Minor losses in pipes.
4)Water Hammer: Speed of pressure wave, slow and rapid closure, use of surge tank.
5)Steady uniform flow in open channel: Characteristics, Chezy's, Manning's and Bazin’s formulae. Hydraulically efficient cross sections. Flow through channels of circular cross sections – depths for maximum velocity and discharge.
6)Varied flow through open channel: Gradually varied and rapidly varied flows. Definition, Specific Energy, Critical, Sub-critical and Super-critical flows. Channel transitions - constricted or raised bed. Establishment of critical flow, Venturi flume and Parshall flume. Definition and diagram for Specific force, Hydraulic Jump.
7)Dimensional Analysis and Model studies: Dimensions and dimensional homogeneity, Importance and use of dimensional analysis. Buckingham’s Pi theorem with applications. Geometric, Kinematic and Dynamic similarity. Non Dimensional Numbers.
8)Introduction to Hydraulic Turbines: Working Principles of Pelton, Francis and Kaplan turbines.
9)Pumps: Centrifugal pumps, performance characteristic graph – design flow rate.