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The Jewish Community in Canada Toronto and Montreal
Thesis • The Jewish community has thrived over time. • Their ability to adapt was influenced by their religious value orientation (rational, inner worldly) but more particularistic than Protestants.
From Max Weber • Judaism -grew as a religion of a civic `pariah= people. • In the middle ages it gave rise to a quasi - proletarian and rationalistic petty bourgeoisie known for their training in literature and ritual.
Weber argues. . • That the Jewish religious value orientation is conducive to capitalistic social development. • However, the Jewish identity as pariahs have them to be particularistic, although inner worldly.
The Census data: Canada • The census data show that Jewish Canadians are concentrated in Montreal, Toronto and Winnipeg. • “They have the lowest fertility and the highest incomes of any group in Canada. ” (Kallen, 1999)
Porter’s data • They are highly educated and are primarily in professional, managerial and technical occupations. (Stats Can. 1981) • However, this is not to suggest that “all Jewish people are rich. . ”
Jewish community studies • Accounts of the Jewish community have largely been restricted to excellent literarily works like Duddy Kravitz and St. Urbaines Horsemen. • Best sociological study Crestwood Heights -a euphemism for Forest Hill area Toronto
The Jewish Family • The dominant familial characteristics include: 1. an egalitarian marital ideology 2. sexual division of labour in the domestic and occupational spheres,
The Jewish Family 3. Permissive love based child rearing patterns 4. Aimed at inculcating a high need for achievement 5. A concentration upon nuclear family 6. At the expense of extended kinship
Toronto Jewry • Three Phase Development • -Formative, maintenance and actualization. • Similar to French Canadian • Formative, Maintenance, Actualization= • Stages for Jewish community indicates progress towards acceptance by the Host society.
IC=institutional completeness • One key factor in their survival according to Raymond Breton (1963) is Institutional Completeness
Breton’s Hypothesis • The degree to which an ethnic community possess high or low levels of organization is referred to by Breton as their degree of institutional completeness. •
Institutional affiliations • • • Institutional affiliations such as : -social services -legal aid -religious and spiritual services -voluntary associations
degree of institutional completeness. • • • Ethnic communities may contain: -welfare systems -mutual aid societies -radio stations -newspapers and periodicals -commercial services -churches -schools
Institutional completeness • • Institutional completeness is at its extreme when the ethnic community provides all of the services for its members. • Members do not require the services provided by the receiving society. •
Few are totally complete • There are few ethnic communities that have this high degree of institutional completeness. • Most vary between low and high and fall somewhere in the middle of the continuum.
Jewish: Formative Stage I. • Mass migration. • Two waves: • The first wave came from Germany, more liberal group, quite successful immediately.
Formative Stage I • Second wave of immigration from Eastern Europe began in 1880 and continued until 1920. • Many Jews had fled Eastern Europe to escape anti-Jewish violence.
Institutional Completeness (phase one) • Holy Blossom synagogue on Bathurst, a Conservative Temple • Within the workings of The Temple-the Hebrew Benevolent Society was established
Hebrew Benevolent Society • This organization helped to orient new immigrants to the new society…. it taught immigrants language, customs, and economic fundamentals.
The Dorcas Society • Another service was the Dorcas Society…it worked closely with Holy Blossom to provide food, clothing and shelter for the poor immigrants.
Jewish Boys in Training • • Still another program was JBT established in 1914, to work to resolve an ever growing problem of juvenile delinquency among immigrants. •
Egros Noshem Society • Still another was Egros Noshem Society -this Jewish agency looked after sick immigrants when the Toronto Hospitals failed to provide adequate care because of language barriers • This was the foundation of Mount Sainai Hospital.
Institutional Completeness • • • Very High Among this group. Three Factors according R. Breton: 1. Group difference from Host 2. Level of resources 3. Ability to construct parallel institutions
Religious Orientations 1. The first wave was by German Jews they tend to be of either the conservative or reform tradition. 2. The second wave were from Eastern Europe and were much more Orthodox in their faith
Kallen (1974) • Reports a shift from religiousity to a more ethnic collective consciousness combined with a strong identification with the state of Israel among the younger generation. •
Rose (1970) • Finds that it was religion, that initially created a sense of location and belonging for these Jews…. it provided not only a place to gather and express faith, it also distributed social welfare.
Smooth Transition IC • Another important aspect of Jewish Immigration history was the smooth manner in which the Jewish Community in Toronto absorbed socio-cultural difference between Eastern and Western Jew.
Early 20 thc • The second wave were from Eastern Europe and were much more Orthodox in their faith. • As a result, Holy Blossom went out of its way to ensure that new Rabbi could appeal to both groups.
Ethno-religious community • Kallen (1974) –Jewish community not simply a religious group…ethnic identification, sense of unique history and culture, anti-semitism. . • An ethnic bond that unifies the group
Education 1. Emphasis on achievement 2. Classical education ok 3. Many encouraged to seek a profession. Doctor, Lawyer, Accountant-mobile professions 4. =movable capital (Weber, 1904)
Jewish education • a. Holy Blossom Sabbath School. English language -deviated from tradition • • b. Talmund Tahah School-orthodox but also taught the Enlightenment • • C. City Charm School-taught the unchanging past of the Polish Shetl
Jewish Redemption • One study by Kallen of second generation adults finds that the Jewish family in Canada carries on many of the same activities it did in the sheltl • Serves as the focal point for extended family relations and the preservation of a communal Jewish identity. •
(Phase Two) Maintenance • The Jewish Community Sticks Together • Lord Day Alliance- Protestant group • Attempted to entrench the Lords Day as Sunday into Law- this passed however,
Saturday Sabbath • Rabbi Jacobs fought hard and the act included a clause which read “under certain circumstances” an exemption could be made for Sabbath Observing Jews…
PHASE TWO Anti-Semitism • Christy Pits Riot- Rabbis visited Protestant churches to preach tolerance and resist anti-semitism. • Just prior to WW 2 in 1938 “Rooms for Rent-Jews need not Apply”-Jewish
Separate Clubs • Another was prior to WW 2, when anti. Semitic feelings ran high, Jewish kids exclude from YMCA, YWCA. • The Jewish temples collected large sums of money from worshippers to develop YMHA (Young Men’s Hebrew Association) and YWHA (Young Women’s Hebrew Association)
Parallel Institutions High IC. • a. The community, left out of many Gentile clubs and associations, started their own. • Examples include private golf clubs, fraternities and sororities and children’s summer camps…
Jewish Education and ideology • Jewish experiences helped to direct Jewish education along ideological lines • Jewish community contains a combination of traditional and modern characteristics which have been instrumental in the survival of the group. •
Post World War Two (phase 3) • Group actualization, becomes more confident, growing acceptance by the larger population of Toronto.
Results • Some products of this change include: • Jews follow rituals less closelydecline in observance of the Sabbath and Dietary Laws • Decline in practices such as tefillin, which holds that men must keep their heads covered at all times
Increasing representation in larger society • Less separation of men and women during services • Increasing representation of Jews in mainstream political and cultural institutions in Toronto.
Jewish Community and Canadian Society • There has been increasing Jewish involvement in politics, recreational development, social services and business enterprises in Canada.
Feinberg (1970) • Notes that Rabbis role has changed from a preacher to a quasi-psychiatrist -many worshipper retreat to the Rabbis private study for to council for problems
Kallen’s assessment • a. Kallen believes that Jewish Synagogue are less and less places of worship and more places to meet fellow Jews. • The Jewish community has adapted to a new environment and a changing world
Liberal ideology-orthodox, conservative reform • A liberal ideology prevails in discussion on issues such as racism, economic exploitation, and freedom. • Canadian Jews noted for being open minded, educated and tolerant. •
Summary • The Jewish ethnic group is highly integrated • Jewish persecution throughout history has helped this community maintain close bond while finding success in the larger Canadian society over time.
Drieger (1977) • Three Stage Adaptation • Three Stage adaptation theories tend to consider post modern realities and the three generational hypothesis.
Immigrant stage Th I. Immigrant stage was characterized by the initial wave of immigrant who attempt to establish an initial ethnic enclave separate from outsiders. • •
Enclavic stage • II. The enclavic stage, the immigrant attempts to establish territorial concentration through language, homogamy, residential proximity and voluntary associations.
Post enclavic • III. Post enclavic Stage-"regenerating pluralism • Five Essential Aspects of Regenerating Pluralism 1.
Regenerating Pluralism. • 1. Ideological mythology-- a rallying point for the group. • 2. Historic Symbols- heros, totems symbolizing group pride. • 3. Charismatic Leadership- either contemporary or historical.
Regenerating Pluralism • 4. Social Status Symbols- future generations must strive to maintain and surpass. Usually built out of an ethnic economic enclave. • 5. Support for an ethnic language- important for maintaining ethnic identity and values. •
Human are unique • Three things seem to distinquish man from all living creatures: • 1. The systematic use of tools • 2. The use of abstract language • 3. Religion
The West • Monotheism -See Bryan Wilson • For example, in the West the idea of God predominates- the relationship between man and the divine is Man and God----
Urban Jewish Contribution to Modernization • The precondition for certain rational structures of law, politics, administration all had their location chiefly in the urban social structure mainly controlled by middle and upper social strata
Hebrew Bible • The subject of the Hebrew Bible or otherwise called Torah is an account of the Israelites relationship with God as reflected in their history from the beginning of time until the building of the Second Temple (c. 350 BCE).
Jewish Laws and Customs • Josephus emphasized practices and observances rather than religious beliefs, associating apostasy with a failure to observe Jewish law, and suggesting the requirements for conversion to Judaism included circumcision and adherence to traditional customs.
The Talmud • Notably, in the Talmud some principles of faith (e. g. , the Divine origin of the Torah) are considered important enough that rejection of them can put one in the category of "apikoros" (heretic). [