Hyperesthesia is a condition in which someone becomes highly sensitized to sensory stimuli. Individuals with hyperesthesia may experience sensations with no input, and may find sensory stimulation extremely intense and sometimes almost unbearable. This condition is quite rare, and in addition to being seen in humans, it is also seen in cats and dogs. In animals, this disorder can cause behavioral problems, including biting, snapping, and self mutilation.
The causes are not well understood. It is sometimes associated with neurological changes and brain damage, as might occur when someone has a brain tumor, a degenerative neurological condition, or a neuropathy. Tactile hyperesthesia, involving extreme sensitivity of the skin, is often linked with neuropathies and chronic neurological conditions.
People can also experience oversensitization to hearing, smell, vision, and taste in addition to touch. In some cases, the condition appears to be triggered by overstimulation of the area of the brain involved in sensation, in which case the hyperesthesia should resolve within a few hours. While the patient is experiencing symptoms, it may help to lie in a cool, quiet, dark place. Some patients find breathing exercises and massage helpful, while others prefer to simply lie quietly while they recover.
If the disorder appears to be caused by a chronic problem, a neurologist can conduct an examination to learn more about the specifics and to look for possible causes. Medications such as analgesics to dull sensation, anti-seizure medications, and anti-anxiety drugs can sometimes help patients with this condition. These drugs can reduce the intensity of the sensations, and keep the patient more comfortable.
When someone experiences hyperesthesia, it is a good idea to make an appointment with a neurologist for an interview and exam. Some serious conditions can present in the form of hyperesthesia in the early stages, and the prognosis for the patient will improve substantially if treatment is provided as soon as possible.
In animals, the disorder often manifests in the form of increased sensitivity of the skin. The skin may ripple or twitch, especially when touched, and the animal may react intensely to being handled or touched. Some animals bite, lick, or scratch at their own skin, leading to the development of bald spots or ulceration, and the animal may snap, bark, or hiss when touched. A veterinarian can evaluate the animal and provide treatment recommendations which will address the condition. During treatment, the animal may need to wear an e-collar to prevent biting and licking.