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is a group of genetic
diseases seen in certain breeds of dogs
and, more rarely, cats. It is characterized by the bilateral degeneration of the retina
, causing progressive vision loss culminating in blindness. The condition in nearly all breeds is inherited as an autosomal recessive
trait, with the exception of the Siberian Husky
(inherited as an X chromosome linked
trait) and the Bullmastiff
(inherited as an autosomal dominant
There is no treatment. PRA is similar to retinitis pigmentosa
Progressive vision loss in any dog in the absence of canine glaucoma or cataracts can be an indication of PRA. It usually starts with decreased vision at night, or nyctalopia. Other symptoms include dilated pupils and decreased pupillary light reflex. Fundoscopy to examine the retina will show shrinking of the blood vessels, decreased pigmentation of the nontapetal fundus, increased reflection from the tapetum due to thinning of the retina, and later in the disease a darkened, atrophied optic disc. Secondary cataract formation in the posterior portion of the lens can occur late in the disease. In these cases diagnosis of PRA may require electroretinography (ERG). For many breeds there are specific genetic tests of blood or buccal mucosa for PRA.
Types of PRA
Generalized PRA is the most common type and causes atrophy of all the neural retinal structures. Central progressive retinal atrophy (CPRA) is a different disease from PRA involving the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and is also known as retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy (RPED).
Generalized PRA can be divided into either dysplastic disease, where the cells develop abnormally, and degenerative, where the cells develop normally but then undergo a damaging change. PRA can be further divided into affecting either rod or cone cells. Rod cells detect shape and motion, and function in dim light. Cone cells detect color and definition, and function in bright light.
Commonly affected breeds:
- Akita - Symptoms at one to three years old and blindness at three to five years old.
- Miniature longhaired Dachshund - Symptoms at six months old.
- Papillon - Slowly progressive with blindness at seven to eight years old.
- Tibetan Spaniel - Symptoms at three to five years old.
- Tibetan Terrier - Symptoms at less than one year old, often blind by two years old, and cataract formation by four years old.
- Samoyed - Symptoms by three to five years old.
This type of PRA has an early onset of severe vision loss. It is caused by a defect in the gene for cGMP-phosphodiesterase, which leads to retinal levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate ten times normal.
Rod-cone dysplasia type 1
- Irish Setter - Rod cell response is nearly absent. Night blindness by six to eight weeks old, often blind by one year old.
- Sloughi - A DNA test can identify whether Sloughis have the mutated recessive gene. This has enabled breeders to breed away from PRA, and the disease is now rare in the breed.
Rod-cone dysplasia type 2
- Collie - Rod cell response is nearly absent. Night blindness by six weeks old, blind by one to two years old.
Rod-cone dysplasia type 3
- Norwegian Elkhound - Characterized by dysplasia of the rod cell unit and subsequent degeneration of the cone cell unit. Rod cell response is nearly absent. Night blindness by six months old, blind by three to five years old. Rod dysplasia has now been bred out of this breed.
Early retinal degeneration
- Norwegian Elkhound - Night blindness by six weeks old, blind by twelve to eighteen months old.
This is caused by an abnormal development of both rod and cone cells. Dogs are initially night blind and then progress to day blindness.
- Alaskan Malamute - Temporary loss of vision in daylight (hemeralopia) at eight to ten weeks old. There is a purely rod cell retina by four years old.
Progressive rod-cone degeneration (PRCD)
This is a disease with normal rod and cone cell development but late onset degeneration of the rod cells that progresses to the cone cells. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and has been linked to the ninth canine chromosome.
This condition is linked to the X chromosome.
- Siberian Husky - Night blindness by two to four years old.
- Samoyed - More severe disease than the Husky.
- Abyssinian - Two forms exist. One is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and has an early age onset. The other is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and has a middle age onset.
- Early onset PRA has also been reported in the domestic shorthaired cat and Persian. The Siamese also likely has a hereditary form of PRA. Despite belief among breeders to the contrary, there is apparently no link between coat color in Persians and the development of PRA.
Central progressive retinal atrophy (CPRA)
CPRA is also known as retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy (RPED). The cause of this condition is the loss of the retinal pigment epithelium's ability to effectively process the photoreceptor outer segment (POS) and subsequent accumulation of POS material in the RPE and loss of function. The loss of function of the RPE leads to photoreceptor degeneration. Vitamin E deficiency may play a role in the development of CPRA. It is characterized by accumulation of pigment spots in the retina surrounded by retinal atrophy and a mottled appearance of the pigmented nontapetal fundus. The pigmented spots eventually coalesce and fade as the atrophy of the retina increases. It is an inherited condition (in the Labrador Retriever it is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with variable penetrance). CPRA occurs in older dogs. Peripheral vision is retained for a long time. Vision is better in low light and better for moving or distant objects. Not all affected dogs go blind. Secondary cataracts are common.
Commonly affected breeds
It can also be found in the poodle varieties
Hereditary retinal dysplasia
There is another retinal disease in Briards known as hereditary retinal dysplasia. These dogs are night blind from birth, and day vision varies. Puppies affected often have nystagmus. It is also known as lipid retinopathy.