1 Module 8 Contents: page 8.1 Selecting the Road Alignment Instruments and Surveying Aids Setting Out Horizontal Alignment Setting Out Vertical Alignment Setting Out Cross Sections Hairpin Bends Setting Out Tasks Recording the Work Programme Selecting the Road Alignment Survey hen constructing a new road, there are several possible choices of alignments. Although the shortest connection between two points is a straight line, the road alignment will very seldom be entirely straight. for various reasons: (a) a straight and short alignment may cross through villages, farms or other public or private property. In most cases, this is not acceptable as it would destroy crops, buildings or public facilities; (b) in rolling, hilly or mountainous terrain, the gradients on a straight alignment would often be too steep or the earthworks required excessive; Check List T Locate the best sites for river crossings. T Avoid rocky areas. T Avoid areas with heavy bush-clearing. T Try to avoid complicated drainage solutions. T Try to follow existing alignments of roads and tracks. T Avoid steep gradients (maximum 10%). T Keep earth-moving at a minimum. T Be considerate with existing farming activities in the area. T Avoid triggering soil erosion. (c) the straight alignment may pass through extremely difficult terrain (rocks, dense forest, swamps, etc.) which should be avoided to minimize construction costs; Labour-based Works Technology Page 1
2 (d) if a river or other obstacle has to be crossed, another alignment may be necessary in order to find a crossing at the most suitable location; (e) by choosing a slightly longer alignment, the road can be constructed on a soil type more suitable for road construction. In addition, the choice of alignment may be influenced by the location of suitable sources of water and the location of gravel deposits. When rural roads are built to provide access, existing tracks should be followed whenever possible to minimize earthworks. It is also sensible to first make sure that all interested parties agree on the route and places to be linked by a new or rehabilitated road Factors Affecting Choice of Route Where several alignments are possible, the engineer will decide on the detailed design after considering: (a) Construction costs - e.g. an alignment of a certain length with steep gradients up to 20 percent (Alignment 1) will be cheaper to construct than an alignment of the same length with gradients up to 5 percent (Alignment 2). For the latter, the necessary earthworks will be far more extensive. Try to avoid steep side long ground even if the existing road is cut into it. Although it is possible to overcome the problem, any solution is expensive in terms of labour, materials and finance. Route selection is therefore important. If possible, relocate the line lower down the hill side where the ground is flatter. (b) Costs to future traffic - these costs will be greater for Alignment 1 than for Alignment 2. More energy is used to climb/descend steep gradients and will cause more wear to brakes. Stronger means of transport will be required for Alignment 1. For village roads, it is to assume that these may become market roads as the country develops. Steep gradients should therefore be avoided. Labour-based Works Technology Page 2
3 (c) Maintenance costs - the costs to maintain steep gradients are considerably higher than the costs to maintain gentle gradients. (d) Social costs and benefits - in many cases, the higher construction costs of a longer alignment may be justified if the road also serves a public facilities (e.g. school, health centre). The engineer also has to consider existing land use and to whom the land belongs. Although compensation arrangements would normally be made, careful consideration of all possible alternatives at the design stage may avoid such issues. (e) Watershed route - normally cross drainage is expensive but can be avoided if the road follows the line of the watershed. Ditching may then be unnecessary and considerable cost savings will derive. It is therefore advantageous, where possible, to locate and use the watershed route The Initial Survey It is important to set out the centre line of a new road well in advance of the start of the construction works. This will allow the local people to resolve any right-of-way problems and to ensure that no new crops are planted in the road area. The initial survey will be an essential component of the cost calculation and budget allocation. From the survey, quantities of work can be derived, soil conditions observed and productivity norms assumed. The line as established by the surveyor must be clearly defined to facilitate construction. It is important to stress, however, that during the survey the subsequent end product must be borne in mind. For a new road to be built by labour-based methods and likely to carry low traffic volumes, the alignment selected should reflect this. A high speed alignment is irrelevant and expensive. Undulating vertical curvature and comparatively sharp curves are more compatible with low volume roads. The objective of such a survey is to refine actual position and dimensions of the road. The survey and methods used should be simplified without prejudicing the level of accuracy desired Supplementary Survey Often, immediately preceding road construction, a supplementary survey is undertaken. The purpose may be to investigate a better line or cheaper route. But more frequently, it comprises pegging out the route, and establishing the width and level of the road. Salient points should be staked to normally form the basis of any recalculation of quantities, the basis for measurement of work undertaken and assessment of performance of the work force. Labour-based Works Technology Page 3
4 8.2 Instruments and Surveying Aids here are a number of appropriate methods for setting out the road alignment. The surveying equipment required is based on the setting out methods chosen. When choosing a specific method of surveying, it is important to bear in mind the required level of accuracy for the works. Obviously, the requirements of a rural road may not be the same as for major highways or city streets. Bearing this in mind, the following section describes some low-cost but still accurate enough methods of setting out rural road alignments Types of Survey Equipment and Use Reference pegs are used to mark the alignment and road levels. They are invariably of wood, tree branches or stakes cut to length, ideally 40 cm long and 5 cm diameter or 5 cm x 5 cm square. It is advisable to paint them white or yellow for visibility and paint the chainage on a prepared face. To avoid loss or damage, the pegs should be offset from the road width, hammered deep into the ground to avoid pilferage and placed in a prominent location. Survey pegs are usually set on the centre line, but unless there are no earthworks to be undertaken, they should be off-set from the road width. Multipurpose pegs may be needed to stake out cross-section, tasks, levels, etc. They are normally sharpened sticks 30 cm long used in conjunction with a string line to define horizontal or vertical alignment. Tape measures are made of steel or linen, the most useful length is 20 or 30 meters. Steel is expensive, liable to damage and illegibility after a period of use. It is recommended that the linen tape are used although they are not quite as accurate as steel. Tapes are vital for length and width setting out as well as setting tasks or defining contract limits. Smaller tapes, 2m, 3m or 5m in length, are useful for small construction elements, such as profiles of ditches, raising cambers, etc. Labour-based Works Technology Page 4
5 Profile Boards and Ranging Rods are useful for setting out levels. Also, the ranging rods are used for setting out straight lines and curves. A long lasting profile board is made from thin steel plate which is welded to a short length of metal tubing that can slide up and down and be clamped to a metal ranging rod. A useful size for the metal profile boards has been found to be 40 cm by 10 cm, painted red to make it easy to see. The profile boards, ranging rods and travellers are inexpensive and can easily be made by a local metal work business. The ranging rods are made of hollow metal tubes, often 12.5mm diameter galvanised water pipe, with a pointed end of sharpened reinforcement steel. They are normally 2 metres long, and are painted red and white to make them easy to see during setting out. Before starting setting out works, make sure that you have a sufficient supply of ranging rods and profile boards. A supply of 20 rods and 20 profile boards is regarded as a minimum to effectively carry out the job. In very compact, or rocky ground, it is useful to first make a hole for the ranging rod by first producing a hole by hammering down a metal spike produced from high tensile reinforcement steel. Crow bars can also be used for this purpose. A very useful additional tool is a sliding hammer with a weighted head that fits over the ranging rod and can be used to drive the ranging rod into the ground. Line Level The level of each of the profile boards can be controlled by using a line level. The line level is a short spirit level (about 100 mm long) with a hook at each end to hang it from a nylon string. This instrument needs two persons to operate - one at the end of the line, and the second to watch the spirit level. The line operator moves the string up or down until the bubble is centred in the middle between the Labour-based Works Technology Page 5
6 spirit level marks. The string line will then indicate the horisontal line. The line level can be used to: transfer the exact level of one profile board to another profile, thereby ensuring that both are at the same level, measure up or down from a known horisontal level, and set a new level, and find the slope between two fixed profile boards, and determine which one is higher. The line level has a range of up to about 50 metres. It is easy to carry around and with care can be used for setting out levels and slopes not less than 1 in 300. Points to remember when using a line level: T T T T T The string used should be a thin nylon fishing line, enabling the line level to easily slide along the string. The line level must be placed half-way between the two ranging rods. Use a measuring tape to find the exact middle point. Keep the string tight - do not let it sag. The line level is an delicate instrument, look after it - do not throw it around and treat it roughly. Check the accuracy of the line level regularly in the field. Checking the Line Level Take two ranging rods across the road and transfer a level from one rod to the other. Mark the level on the second rod. Then keeping the string in the same position on the first rod, take the line level and turn it around on the string. Adjust the string on the second rod until the bubble is in the middle again and mark the new level. Check to see if the two marks are at the same place. If not, measure the difference between the two marks. If the difference between the two marks is less than 10 cm, you can get the right level by taking the point half way between the two marks. If the difference is greater than 10 cm, you should replace the line level for a new and more accurate one. It is always a good idea to turn the line level around every time you use it and take the middle of the two marks as the horisontal level. Labour-based Works Technology Page 6
7 Boning rods are generally manufactured on site from wooden laths to a " T " profile and of uniform height. A simple stand can also be manufactured. Boning rods are used in sets of 3 and the crosspiece is frequently painted, ideally each with a different colour. They are used to establish additional levels between fixed levels (interpolation) or beyond (extrapolation). They are particularly useful to check gradients of ditches and culverts. In the figure below, it can be seen that the ground level at point 3 is too low and the boning rod is positioned too far to the right. By raising this boning rod and aligning it with rods 1 and 2, the bottom of rod 3 indicates the required level and its location is on a straight line. The same exercise can be carried out using profile boards, with the advantage that it would only require two persons to perform the task. Labour-based Works Technology Page 7
8 The Profile Board Method A commonly used setting out procedure is based on the use of a series of profile boards and a string line level giving control of levels during construction. The basic principle when using profile boards is that when they are set out we are placing a series of level boards that show the level 1 metre above the completed construction levels. Imagine that a ditch is to be excavated from A to B at the level shown in by the dotted line: To ensure that the correct level is obtained in the ditch, profile boards are placed at positions A and B, 1 metre above the level of the planned ditch: Traveller A travelling profile is used to obtain levels between two profile boards. A boning rod or a profile can be used as a traveller. Along the line from A to B, slots are excavated to the level of the ditch. By placing the traveller in a slot and sight from the profile board in position A to the profile board in position B, we can see if the traveller lines up with the two fixed profile boards. If the traveller is too low, the slot has been dug too deep. If the traveller sticks up above the sight line, the slot needs top be dug deeper. To provide good guidance, slots are dug at regular intervals, say at every 4 to 5 metres along the sight line. When sufficient slots have been dug, the workers can start excavating the ditch by joining up the slots. The traveller can then be used to check that the finished work is to the correct level and that there are no high or low spots. Labour-based Works Technology Page 8
9 Temporary travellers It is also possible to take measurements below the line sighted between two profile boards by using a temporary traveller. The temporary traveller is easily made on site by measuring the length needed from the blunt end of a ranging rod to the further edge of the profile, which is then clamped in position. The temporary traveller is then ready for use. When used with fixed set out profiles, the traveller will give an indication of the finished construction levels anywhere along the sight line of the set out profiles. This is very useful for the site supervisor when setting out. The most frequent use the supervisor will make of temporary travellers, is to mark earthwork levels on the edge of road pegs. But there are other uses for the traveller: T T T T T to guide and check excavation below earthwork levels (eg. for excavation for drift base construction), to find out whether large boulders are above or below road levels before the road levels are finally decided upon, to estimate the amount of fill needed if the road is "lifted", or when the road crosses low areas - this will help estimate the work involved and help decide on the optimal road levels, to locate the end of drains and approaches, and to provide a quick check on work, levels, string lines etc. However, for guiding drainage work the labourers and gang leaders should use the specially built travellers or a boning rod. This is because the profile on a temporary traveller can become loose and the supervisor may not be present to check and re-set the traveller length. Labour-based Works Technology Page 9
10 Triangles Triangle sets can be manufactured by the site carpenter from laths and used for various purposes:! to set out a right angle to the centre line (which has to be done when crosssections are set out);! to control or estimate the steepness of gradients - in this case a spirit level or plumb line is also required. The steepness of gradients is described as a ratio. For example, a gradient of 2 : 1 means two metres horizontal one metre vertical. Existing gradients are measured using the triangle principle, incorporating a spirit level as the horizontal member with pinned joints rather than fixed. The triangle can also be useful in establishing a right angle to the road centre line as illustrated in the figure below. Optical Square is a small instrument using either mirrors or a prism to establish a right angle as illustrated in the figure below. Labour-based Works Technology Page 10
11 The observer can see both point B, through a narrow opening left in the optical, square and point C in the mirror or prism. When two ranging rods are placed at points B and C, the observer will see ranging rod B direct and ranging rod C reflected as illustrated in the figure below. When points A and B on the survey line are known and point C has to be found, as shown in the figure above, the person holding ranging rod C should move forwards or backwards until the observer see the reflection of rod C in one line with his direct view of rod B. At this point angle CAB, is now at a right angle. Straight Edge is a simple beam, usually wooden, which in conjunction with a spirit level and tape measure, can be used to establish a gradient/or road camber. The straight edge is usually 3 metres long and set horizontally with the aid of a spirit level. This method should be used for the measurement of gradients which continue only for short distances, e.g. culvert beds, drain slopes and road camber. The figure below shows how a gradient of 1:15 is measured. Labour-based Works Technology Page 11
12 Tube Water Level A very accurate and simple instrument for measuring the level differences of two points is the "tube water level". This level, illustrated in the figure below, consists of a length of clear plastic pipe clipped at each end to a wooden levelling staff. The two levelling staffs should be of the same length, about 1.5 m long. A graduated tape is attached to each stave, with the zero level with the top end of the stave. The tube is filled with water until the level is about 1 m high from the ground. The ends of the tube are fitted with rubber stoppers to prevent loss of water. The total length of tube, which defines the range of the instrument, is variable, but is usually limited to about 15 m by the difficulty of moving the level around. The two standpipes are brought together at the starting point, the stoppers removed and the readings taken level with the bottom of each meniscus. The readings should be the same (e.g. reading A = 50 cm, reading B = 50 cm). The surveyor takes his/her standpipe to the point being measured and takes another reading. The difference between the two readings is the difference in level (e.g. now reading A = 30 cm and reading B = 70 cm, the difference in level is now = 40 cm). Range is limited only by the convenience of being able to carry the tube. The two points whose difference in level is being measured do not need to be in sight of one another. The level gives accurate results and with care can be used for setting level lines or slopes not less than 1 in 1,000. Labour-based Works Technology Page 12
13 Abney Level can be used for the measurement of vertical angles for setting out levels. Vertical angles, are measured as follows: The sight is taken on to a point which should be at the same height above the ground as the eye of the observer. The line of sight will then be parallel to the ground surface between A and B (see figure below). Holding the abney level in this position (the cross hair intersects the target), the airbubble in the tube of the abney level should be positioned in the middle against the cross hair by turning the milled head. The angle of the line of sight with the horizontal can then be read on the arc. The abney level can also be used to set out gradients. The arc should be set at the required angle or gradient (e.g. 5 o 40' or 1:10) and a line of sight established to a profile board which is moved up or down until the top of the profile board is at the correct height. Finally, the abney level can be used to measure distances and to transfer heights. The degree of accuracy that can be achieved, however, is not very high. Where greater accuracy is required it is recommended to use tape measures for distances and levelling instruments for heights. The dumpy level is used to measure height differences used in combination with a levelling staff. Levels can be transferred from a bench mark and new levels can be established very accurately over distances up to 100 meters. There are several types of dumpy levels on the market, each with its own system. It is recommended that engineers or surveyors should practice using the instrument by checking its accuracy before taking it into the field. Labour-based Works Technology Page 13
14 A camber board can be used to establish the camber of the road. Its length is usually the distance from the centre line to the shoulder of the road. In cases where the shoulders have the same gradient as the running surface, the length of the camber board can also include the shoulder. The figure below shows a 2.50 meter long camber board showing a gradient of 6 percent (1:20). The length and gradient should be modified to suit the required profile. The camber board is used in combination with a spirit level as shown below: Ditch templates are generally a trapezoid constructed of timber laths or plywood to check the profile of ditches, mitre drains, back slopes, etc. Labour-based Works Technology Page 14
15 8.3 Setting Out Horizontal Alignments Responsibility for Setting Out rior to construction, it is normal practice for the Surveyor to prepare a detailed centre line survey. This centre line survey should normally consist of stakes located every 20 metres on straights and every 5 to 10 metres along curves. A mark is placed on each of these stakes defining the distance (up or down) to the finished formation level of the road surface. In order to relieve the surveyor from the onus of providing daily assistance to the site, it is essential that the basic survey skills are available on site Setting Out a Straigth Line traight lines are set out by marking points every 50m to 100m with ranging rods. Between these ranging rods, intermediate points are set out at every 10m. Normally, sections of not more than 50 to 100m are set out at the time. In mountainous terrain, sections of less than 50m may be chosen. In hilly or rolling terrain, when the line of sight between two fixed points is obscured, the following method can be used to set out the straight. Proceed as follows:! From A, set B and C in a straight line.! Sight from D and move C to be in line D-B! Sight form A and move B to be in line A-C Conditions : From point A, ranging rods set at points B and C must be visible. From point D, ranging rods set at points C and B must be visible. Repeat this procedure until A-B-C and D-C-B show a straight line without further movements. Labour-based Works Technology Page 15
16 8.3.3 Setting Out Curves The centre line is normally described by means of a series of straight lines meeting at points of intersection. Eventually, these straights will be joined by curves that will be set out during the detailed setting out. The distance between the intersection points can easily be measured and used as a first estimate of the length of the road to be constructed. There are various methods to set out curves. With rural roads designed for low traffic volumes, it is usually sufficient to follow existing tracks and to improve existing curves where necessary. Two simple methods to set out circular and parabolic curves using only a tape measure, ranging rods, pegs and strings are described on the following pages. Curves with a Small Radius The figure below shows how a circular curve with a 30 meter radius is set out. This method can only be applied when the area around the curve is easily accessible. Labour-based Works Technology Page 16
17 The Intersection Method The intersection method is a simple and effective method to set out a parabolic curve. It requires simple equipment and can be easily understood by the foremen. Step 1: First place a peg at the point where the two straight lines meet (intersection point PI). Then locate the tangent points, TP. The first tangent point is where your curve begins, and the second is where it ends. Divide the tangent lines in equal lengths, by setting out a number of ranging rods along the tangent lines, at say 5m intervals. With longer tangents, you will achieve a longer curve with a larger radius. Deciding the length of the tangents is best done by experience. You will gain experience in how to select the best tangent length. First look at the intersection angle between the two tangents: A large intersection angle (i) will produce an easy curve with a large radius. The tangent length can then be short (however, not shorter than 20m). A smaller intersection angle will give a sharper curve with a short radius. In such situations, the tangent lines should be made longer (30, 40, 50 or 60m) to increase the radius of the curve. Sometimes, you will want to adjust the tangent length to control where the centre line of the curve goes (see below: Adjusting the Position of the Curve). Step 2: Give each ranging rod a letter as shown in the figure below. Sight along line a - a with an assistant holding a ranging rod in your sight line. A second assistant stands at point b and sights along the line b - b. Move your assistant along line a - a until he also stands on line b - b. Mark this spot with a ranging rod and a peg. This is your first point defining the curve. Labour-based Works Technology Page 17
18 Step 3: Now repeat this exercise by sighting along b - b while an assistant is sighting along c - c to find your next curve point. Step 4: Complete the exercise for line c - c, d - d, etc. Finally, use these curve points to set out intermediate points along the curve at 5 m intervals. Inspect the curve and make sure that all the points provide a smooth curve. Labour-based Works Technology Page 18
19 Adjusting the Position of the Curve You always get one curve point less than the number of ranging rods on the tangent length. For example, 5 ranging rods will give you 4 curve points (as above). Even numbers of ranging rods gives uneven numbers of curve points, then the middle curve point will be opposite the intersection point, PI. Where the middle two lines intersect is the middle point of the curve (as below with 3-3 & 4-4 and 2-2 & 3-3). If we increase the length of the tangent lines, the curve moves further away from PI. We can use this when we need to set out the centre line of the curve to avoid obstacles such as trees, buildings, boulders, etc Replacement of Pegs There will often be a need for stakes to be replaced due to carelessness, children playing near the site, theft for fire wood, etc. When the road alignment follows a straight line there is no problem. The missing stakes are replaced by sighting and measuring 20 meters between stakes using those remaining as a reference. If stakes around a curve are missing, this poses a slightly more difficult problem. However, it is not necessary to wait for a survey as the supervisor should be able to replace curve stakes by using the following method. Assuming the worst possible case, that is all stakes along the curve are missing, including the tangent-point reference stakes. It is necessary to know the length of the tangents BD and DC (ref. figure below). These are usually the same, but can be different if necessitated by site conditions. In this case, the curve is not a simple one but a compound of two curves. The tangent length can be calculated from Radius R x Tangent A/2 where A is the intersection angle in degrees. Labour-based Works Technology Page 19
20 A simple way of estimating the intersection angle A is by placing a protraction on the ground at intersection point D and reading the angle. If you cannot find a protractor then use your watch. Five minutes on your watch equals 30 degrees. You only need to be accurate to within 2 or 3 degrees to obtain the required tangent length. The intersection D can be located simply by sighting back along both tangent lines until the intersection is found. With the tangent length calculated from the above formula, the distance can be measured back in both directions (along the centre line) and the tangent points B and C located and staked. The curve can then be reset by tape measure or as shown in the above figure Off-Setting the Centre Line Once the centre line survey has been established, it is desirable to establish permanent references off-set from the centre line as the centre line pegs may be lost during construction. These off-set pegs become the permanent markers for setting out works, and provides an efficient reference for checking completed works. In other words, these off-set pegs are used for planning, organising and measuring the work. Labour-based Works Technology Page 20
21 After the road works have been completed, those pegs will be retained to serve as useful references for the maintenance supervisors. Of crucial importance is that off-set pegs are located at right angles to the design centre line. The following method illustrates a simple way of ensuring this using a piece of string about 5 m long. 1. Mark the mid-point of the string and layout as shown in the figure, line ABD with B as the midpoint. 2. Drive in pegs at A and D. 3. Using the string, describe an arc from A and D. Point C is the intersection of the two arcs. 4. BC is now a right angle to the centre line. In flat and rolling terrain, the off-set distance is usually half the width of formation plus the width of the side drains. This would apply to the off-set distance on both sides of the road alignment as shown in the figure below. Where the road passes through sloping ground, and side cuts are required, it is necessary to locate a toe and a back-slope peg in order to fully define the road alignment. Normally, the toe peg defines the outside shoulder edge on the low side and the back-slope peg is that which defines the top of the back slope - the point of incidence between the natural surface and the beginning of the back slope cut. The location of the toe peg is the distance from the centre line to the outside shoulder edge as defined by the cross-section. The location of the back-slope peg involves understanding the relationship between cross slope, back slope and formation width of the road. This relationship involves the following calculations: Labour-based Works Technology Page 21
Table of Contents Irrigation Water Management: Training Manual No. 2 - Elements of Topographic Surveying by C. Brouwer International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement and A. Goffeau J. Plusjé
The Mathematics of Highway Design Scenario As a new graduate you have gained employment as a graduate engineer working for a major contractor that employs 2000 staff and has an annual turnover of 600m.
Chapter 17 Vertical alignment-i 17.1 Overview The vertical alignment of a road consists of gradients(straight lines in a vertical plane and vertical curves. The vertical alignment is usually drawn as a
INDEX SR NO NAME OF THE PRACTICALS Page No 1 Measuring the bearing of traverse lines, calculation of included angles and check. 1 2 To study the essential parts of dumpy level & reduction of levels 3 To
Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Using AutoCAD Civil 3D Contents Introduction... 3 Introduction to Corridor Targets... 3 Surface Targets... 4 Width and Offset Targets... 5 Elevation or Slope Targets...
State of Illinois Department Of Transportation CONSTRUCTION INSPECTOR S CHECKLIST FOR STORM SEWERS While its use is not required, this checklist has been prepared to provide the field inspector a summary
OBJECTIVES The objectives of surveying for building construction are to lay out the proposed structure according to prepared plans and to mark the controlling points of the structure in the manner that
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act Watershed Works Manual DRAINAGE LINE TREATMENT: GABION STRUCTURE Baba Amte Centre for People s Empowerment Samaj Pragati Sahayog September 2006 Drainage Line Treatment:
GEOMETRIC DESIGN CIVL 3161 Reading Assignment: p. 45-72 (4 th ed.) p.45-75 (previous ed.) in Mannering textbook. Geometric design of highway facilities deals with the proportion of physical elements of
CHAPTER 9 VOLUMES AND SURFACE AREAS OF COMMON EXERCISE 14 Page 9 SOLIDS 1. Change a volume of 1 00 000 cm to cubic metres. 1m = 10 cm or 1cm = 10 6m 6 Hence, 1 00 000 cm = 1 00 000 10 6m = 1. m. Change
APPLICATION PROCEDURES FOR PLACEMENT OF UNDERGROUND TELECOMMUNICATION CABLES IN THE VICINITY OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF ALBERTA TRANSPORTATION 1.0 Application Procedures 2.0
Instructions for the Installation of Driveway Entrances 1 Step 1 - Permits Complete the Work Within Highway Right-of-Way Permit. A representative from the Department of Transportation and Infrastructure
720 Contour Grading General Contour grading directs water to a desired point, prevents erosion, provides noise deflection, provides visual fit of the facility into the landscape, and protects desirable
A guide to support VCE Visual Communication Design study design 2013-17 1 Contents INTRODUCTION The Australian Standards (AS) Key knowledge and skills THREE-DIMENSIONAL DRAWING PARALINE DRAWING Isometric
Roll Top Bread Box Items Used: Tambour Router Bit Set #8593 (#8596 includes Tambour Router Bit Set and Cable Kit) Tambour Door Cable Kit #2059 3/8 Rabbeting Router Bit #5391 / #7691 3/8 Straight Router
Flow estimation for streams and small rivers In order for Hydromatch to calculate scheme details and suggest products the head and flow details of the site must be input. This document covers simple methods
Department of Civil Engineering Name Class Date set Surveying II Lecturer DSF Date due Horizontal Curves Ref. v 1 Grade Introduction Straight sections of road or track are connected by curves Horizontal
FOUNDATION CERTIFICATE IN BUILDING CRAFT OCCUPATIONS UNIT 039 (01/00) Setting Out Setting out buildings This activity looks at how buildings are set out on site and the methods of obtaining true dimensions,
Making a Lever Compression Molding Machine for Shape&Roll Prosthetic Foot Cores Andrew Hansen, PhD Craig Heckathorne, MS Kerice Tucker Steve Steer, MS Northwestern University Rehabilitation Engineering
SPECIFICATION FOR PIPE SUBSOIL DRAIN CONSTRUCTION 1. SCOPE Pipe subsoil drains shall be constructed in accordance with this specification and in conformity with the lines, grades and cross-sections shown
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SERIES 8000 PRECAST CONCRETE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION PART 8000 - PRECAST CONCRETE TABLE OF CONTENTS Item Number Page 8100 PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION - GENERAL 8-3 8101 General
SECTION 02832 CHAIN LINK FENCE AND GATES PART 1 GENERAL 1.01 SECTION INCLUDES A. Fabrication, furnishing and installation of chain link fence, chain link gates, and extension brackets with barbed wire.
Mensuration (3-D) Total Time: 90 mins Practise Exercise no. 1 Total no. Of Qs: 51 Q1. A wooden box of dimensions 8m x 7m x 6m is to carry rectangular boxes of dimensions 8cm x 7cm x 6cm. The maximum number
Ohio Department of Transportation Division of Production Management Office of Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical Bulletin GB 2 SPECIAL BENCHING AND SIDEHILL EMBANKMENT FILLS Geotechnical Bulletin GB2
LONGITUDINAL PROFILE COMPLETION Course of the trench bottom determine using drawn cross-sections plot (refer to fig. 0630) according to the stationing direction: right-sided... dotted line left-sided...
86 :: Certificate in Construction Supervision (CIVIL) 12 ROOF 12.1 INTRODUCTION The structure provided to cover the house surface (floor) is known as roof. For different situation and requirement, it is
PRACTICAL: 1 INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS 1. INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS Object: To study various Surveying Instruments a) Instruments Used for Linear Measurements Chain or Tape Arrows
Chapter 11 Slope Stabiliza bilization and Stability of Cuts and Fills THE OBJECTIVES OF ROUTINE ROAD CUTS AND FILLS are 1) to create space for the road template and driving surface; 2) to balance material
CHAPTER 7 D R A I N A G E DRAINAGE 7 D R A I N A G E BUILDING RURAL ROADS 2 1 4 7.1 Overview Water is the main contributor to the wear and damage of low-volume rural roads. The water can be in the form
Safe & Sound Bridge Terminology Abutment A retaining wall supporting the ends of a bridge, and, in general, retaining or supporting the approach embankment. Approach The part of the bridge that carries
BUILDING WITH STONE AND EARTH PART 1 Earth is a popular building material all over the world. It can be used by itself, but if there is stone available, then the two can be used together to make very good
APPLICATION PROCEDURES FOR PLACEMENT OF UNDERGROUND WATER AND SEWER PIPELINES IN THE VICINITY OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF ALBERTA TRANSPORTATION 1.0 Application Procedures 2.0
The details of layout and planning are essential to proper construction of a building. Layout prepares the site for the foundation which must be planned and completed for each building being constructed.
Background Why Evaluate the Physical Characteristics of a Stream? A stream is the carpenter of its own edifice Stream channels and floodplains are constantly adjusting to the amount of water and sediment
CHAPTER 9 SURVEYING TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Surveying Terms 9-2 Standard Abbreviations 9-6 9-1 A) SURVEYING TERMS Accuracy - The degree of conformity with a standard, or the degree of perfection attained
Section 33 0200- Page 1 of 4 PART 1 - GENERAL 1.1 DESCRIPTION OF WORK The work of this Section includes furnishing and installing Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe as shown on the Drawings and as specified.
6 Index inlet protection excavated drop inlet protection (Temporary) 6.50.1 HARDWARE CLOTH AND GRAVEL INLET PROTECTION Block and gravel inlet Protection (Temporary) sod drop inlet protection ROCK DOUGHNUT
P L AYA B I L I T Y P R E C I S I O N P E R F O R M A N C E OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR: GolfWorks Loft and Lie Gauges code: HGCG/DGCG/LOLI2 4820 Jacksontown Road P.O. Box 3008 Newark, Ohio 43058-3008 Toll-Free:
RURAL DRIVEWAY STANDARD Scope This standard applies for rural or other land uses where there is no kerb and channel along the frontage of the property. This excludes industrial or commercial uses unless
September 2013 Page 1 of 12 Part 1 General 1.1 DESCRIPTION OF WORK.1 The work shall consist of the supply and construction of a chain link fence, barb wire fences or mesh fences as shown on the Plans or
The Triple Laser System uses 3 Optical Lasers to create a box or rectangle of laser light. The car is placed into the box by aligning the CENTER LASER with the VEHICLE centerline in the front and rear.
Practical Alignment Tools and Techniques Bruce Lehmann Sr. Engineer, Thin Kerf Technologies Inc Accurate sawing requires attention to proper alignment and maintenance. Alignment is critical to modem sawmills
3 LEVELLING & SURVEYING 3.1 General The primary reference at water-level recording stations is a set of stable bench-marks, installed in locations where their level should not change. Upon initial set-up
Foundation Engineering Prof. Mahendra Singh Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee Module - 03 Lecture - 09 Stability of Slopes Welcome back to the classes of on this Stability
No 8 in the series of 'How to' brochures produced by PlaceMakers, New Zealand How to Frame and Hang a Door These instructions will show you how to install an internal door into a non-loadbearing partition
(Chapter 25) Curves are needed to provide smooth transitions between straight segments (tangent) of grade lines for highways and railroads. In addition to horizontal curves that go to the right or left,
6 Ensuring outcomes 6. Ensuring outcomes 6.1 Auditing of forestry operations An audit is a planned activity involving staff from DECCW and the landholder or their representative. The landowner can request
DO-IT-YOURSELF PAVERS & RETAINING WALLS P A V E R S STEP 1 Plan Your Project 1 Determine the outside dimensions of your project. Hint: Laying out a garden hose gives you the ability to stand back and adjust
Safe Work Procedure Title Ladder Safety Date of Issue August 2010 Location All City Departments Review Date August 2011 Approved By Signature Purpose To minimize the risk of injury to employees when working
Storm Drainage Systems 11.9-1 11.9 Gutter Flow Calculations 11.9.1 Introduction Gutter flow calculations are necessary in order to relate the quantity of flow (Q) in the curbed channel to the spread of
Storm Drain Inlet Protection - IP DEFINITION A temporary protective device formed around a storm drain drop inlet to trap sediment. PURPOSE To prevent sediment from entering storm drainage systems, prior
Milling Calculations 295 Welcome to the Tooling University. This course is designed to be used in conjunction with the online version of this class. The online version can be found at http://www.toolingu.com.
Anamorphic Projection Photographic Techniques for setting up 3D Chalk Paintings By Wayne and Cheryl Renshaw. Although it is centuries old, the art of street painting has been going through a resurgence.
SAFETY GUIDELINES FOR EXCAVATIONS (Based on 1926, Subpart P) All contractors that perform excavation work must have a competent person who is responsible for ensuring safety associated with all excavation
Excavation, Trenching and Shoring Scope The scope of this safety requirement and procedure is to ensure that each state employee has the training and information needed to perform his or her job safely
AMAS 07.01 Site Setup and Demining Worksite Safety Mine Action Coordination Centre of Afghanistan (MACCA) Post Box : 520 Kabul Afghanistan Website: www.macca.org.af Page 1 of 7 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION...
Tech Line: 1-561-863-2188 5410/5415 Front Strut Frame Installation 2 x3 Box Frame Rails and 1-5/8 Round Tube These instructions are just one way of properly installing a strut front suspension. Depending
INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY TECHNICAL DRAWING LEVEL 9 Reduction and enlargement of plane figures to reduce plane figure by lengths of sides using the polar method. - Reading Suppose the ratio is skills. 1:3.
Suggested Stormwater Management Practices For Private Driveways and Roads These practices are necessary to satisfy the water quantity and water quality criteria of the Rappahannock Stormwater Ordinance.
Number: OH&S 18.14.1 Revision Date: 2014.01.27 Ladders and Scaffolding 1. PURPOSE 2. SCOPE 1.1. To define the requirements and responsibilities of working with ladders and scaffolding at Thompson Rivers
1 Glasses for Missions, Inc. Instruction Manual All praise and thanks to Jesus Christ, our Lord and Savior, who has blessed us with a vision to help restore sight and vision to His people in many lands,
The DIY Sheet Metal Self-Loading Pistol Practical Scrap Metal Small Arms Plans on pages 12 to 15 Introduction The pistol design described in this publication is constructed almost entirely from sheet metal
REGION OF PEEL PUBLIC WORKS DESIGN, SPECIFICATIONS & PROCEDURES MANUAL LINEAR INFRASTRUCTURE Storm Sewer Design Criteria REVISED July 2009 PUBLIC WORKS STORM SEWER DESIGN CRITERIA TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0
INSTRUCTIONS FOR CHAIN LINK INSTALLATION Chain Link fence & Posts Meshdirect.co.uk This guide explains how to correctly install our chain link fencing and post system. The guide provides details of the
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS - BEAMS TUTOIAL 1 STESSES IN BEAMS DUE TO BENDING This is the first tutorial on bending of beams designed for anyone wishing to study it at a fairly advanced level. You should judge
1 Most basements show some signs of leaking and cracking. Through the years, problems with water, poor soils, grading, drainage and possible settling affect the integrity of a basement. Being able to recognize
EASTERN SHORE GROUND SEARCH AND RESCUE Map & Compass Course GSAR EXPECTATION Map and compass skills are not optional for searchers. All searchers MUST be able to use a map and compass easily and effectively.
The "DAVID" Steam Engine By Alan Marconett Hobbit Engineering HTTP://WWW.HobbitEngineering.com Alan@HobbitEngineering.com (c) 2/20/03 The David steam engine is a simple oscillating steam engine, many plans
BAINES MASONRY www.bainesmasonry.com.au Tasman and Norfolk Retaining Wall Evaluation and Installation Guide This installation guide demonstrates the basics on how to construct A. Segmental Concrete Gravity
CHAPTER 7 TRAVERSE Section I. SELECTION OF TRAVERSE DEFINITION A traverse is a series of straight lines called traverse legs. The surveyor uses them to connect a series of selected points called traverse
EXCAVATOR SAFETY TRAINING INSPECTION CHECKLIST INSPECTION AREA INSPECTION RESULTS Sat. Unsat. N/A Comments Carrier & Car Body Rotation system Tracks Rollers Frame, welds, bolts Drive system Upper Structure
Chapter Forty-seven RURAL TWO-LANE/MULTILANE STATE HIGHWAYS (New Construction/Reconstruction) BUREAU OF DESIGN AND ENVIRONMENT MANUAL Illinois RURAL TWO-LANE/MULTILANE STATE HIGHWAYS December 2009 2 Illinois
DUTIES OF THE CONSTRUCTION SURVEYOR In support of construction activities, the surveyor obtains the reconnaissance and preliminary data which are necessary at the planning stage. During the construction
FUNDAMENTALS OF LANDSCAPE TECHNOLOGY GSD Harvard University Graduate School of Design Department of Landscape Architecture Fall 2006 6106/ M2 BASICS OF GRADING AND SURVEYING Laura Solano, Lecturer Name
CHAPTER 38 INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY EXERCISE 58 Page 47. Find the length of side x. By Pythagoras s theorem, 4 = x + 40 from which, x = 4 40 and x = 4 40 = 9 cm. Find the length of side x. By Pythagoras
BMP-7 BMP: STORM DRAIN INLET PROTECTION Definition A sediment filter or an excavated impounding area around a storm drain drop inlet or curb inlet. To prevent sediment from entering storm drainage systems
TRADE OF Industrial Insulation PHASE 2 Module 2 Geometry & Pattern Development UNIT: 8 Produced by In cooperation with subject matter expert: Michael Kelly SOLAS 2014 Table of Contents Unit Objective...
TECHNICAL FACT SHEETS IN THIS SERIES Sheet 3a On-Stream Dams Sheet 3b Off-Stream Diversions Sheet 3c Off-Stream Diversion with a 50:50 Flow Split Small Weir to Divert Low Flows caption to go here Guidelines
[C056/SQP105] Intermediate Time: 45 minutes Mathematics Specimen Question Paper 1 (Units 1,, 3) Non-calculator Paper NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS 1 Answer as many questions as you can. Full credit will be given
ENGINEERING SCIENCE H1 OUTCOME 1 - TUTORIAL 3 BENDING MOMENTS EDEXCEL HNC/D ENGINEERING SCIENCE LEVEL 4 H1 FORMERLY UNIT 21718P This material is duplicated in the Mechanical Principles module H2 and those
LASER OPTICAL DISK SET LODS01 5 6 7 4 8 3 9 2 10 1 11 1. Description The laser Optical Disk Set includes a Laser Ray Box powered by a low voltage wall-mount power supply, a set of eight ray optics elements