Atoms were believed to be the smallest particles to make up matter until 1897 when the first elementary particle, the electron, was discovered. Following this discovery, other subatomic particles (protons and neutrons) were discovered in 1911 and 1932, consecutively. Another elementary particle, the photon, was discovered by Albert Einstein in 1905. Throughout the 1950s to 1977, more elementary particles were discovered, and five quarks were proven to exist with certainty. In 1995, scientists discovered the top quark, and as science continued to advance, additional elementary particles were discovered.
Matter Particles Fermions
Matter particles are particles responsible for the formation of atoms which further makes all the things that are in existence around us. They are of two types:
Leptons are divided into three pairs and the most familiar of all these is the electron. There are six leptons with a Â½ spin and a charge carried by each pair is 0 and -1, respectively. These leptons gave the earth its structure during its formation.
The first pair of leptons, which are made of electrons and electron-neutrino. have the smallest masses as compared to the other pairs, and are stable in nature.
Electrons, unlike other leptons, make up matter and are responsible for the electric charge; while electron-neutrinos disperse essential elements such as carbon, oxygen etc. to the universe.
The second pair consists of muon and muon-neutrino.
The last pair is tau and tau-neutrino.
Just like leptons, there are three pairs of quarks.
The names of the first pair are up and down, the second pair is charm and strange, and the last pair is top and bottom.
Up and down are the lightest and stable of all, and are found in all matter since they make up protons and neutrons.
Quarks all have Â½ spin and charge carried by each pair is -â…“ and â…”, respectively.
Force Particles: Bosons
Depending on the spin, force particles are classified into two types, namely gauge bosons and scalar bosons.
Gauge bosons have an integer spin of 1, while scalar boson have a spin of 0.
Bosons create interaction between the matter particles and there are 5 of them in number. They are gluon, photon, Z boson, W bosons and Higgs boson.
Photons are associated with the electromagnetic interactions, Z & W bosons are associated with weak nuclear forces while gluons associate with strong forces.
Interaction of quarks with bosons is very important. The force that holds the protons and neutrons of the nucleus in a stable structure is produced by gluon.
Photons produce the electric and magnetic field hence they are responsible for light.
The Higgs boson on the other hand gives quarks and leptons their intrinsic mass; that is the mass which classifies the particle for what it is.
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