Student customized creative education model based on open innovation
© The Author(s). 2017
Received: 20 July 2016
Accepted: 27 December 2016
Published: 3 March 2017
As the creative economy has developed, the university has been given an important role of nurturing creative talents that companies desire to have. The most important objective in creative education is to provide a support system and a good environment for fostering creativity. This will help students in obtaining results and profits through experimenting as well as gaining experience in each step of the process in performing innovation by developing their ideas through utilizing self-directed information and knowledge. There are various creative economy-related businesses being conducted in Korea, which have been supported by the government since 2008, the supporting environment has been constructed to utilize the internal and external systems of universities. However, there are a number of cases where supporting projects that are possible to utilize are overlapping each other or support for projects is not available, as these sorts of supporting systems are designed according to the purpose and drawing performances for each business. For this, creating a “student customized innovation model” has been attempted by linking internal and external support for universities with a process of steps from design thinking to commercialization. The education model in universities should be established by balancing the roles and needs of enterprises, universities, and governments. An open innovation based system should be built for students who are being nurtured the university. The research method for this is as follows: First, the research aim was determined by considering the relationship between creative economy and the concept of open innovation. Second, a new model was developed by analyzing and doing case investigation of university convergence education programs that nurtured creativity. Third, this proposed model (CHEESE program (CHEESE Program stands for Creativity Human Emotional Experience Solution Evaluation)) was customized and designed based on the linkages between the creative education programs and open-innovation. Then, the outcomes from the project’s three years test run were analyzed and organized. The development of the model was intended for design-engineering students based on integrating design-engineering thinking and activities in the process of innovation. The main objective of this study was to create a model (CHEESE program) based on the needs-centered activities that students wanted. This model has been restructured by linking the model with internal and external supporting projects of the university. The model has achieved continuous growth for 3 years and the performance has been improved in various aspects, such as patents, competition awards, and exhibition presentations. This project has drawn meaningful results in terms of experiencing the whole process of innovation, from the stage of determining an idea to making a prototype and commercializing it thorough exchanges with the internal and external systems of the university.
KeywordsOpen Innovation Creative education Student customized
In his book The Creative Economy, the British business strategist John Howkins (2002) predicted that creativity will invigorate the manufacturing, service, retail, and entertainment industries beyond the deficient development of information and software. In the case of Korea, the country has been industrialized within merely half a century, and has maintained economic growth by developing IT and digital-based knowledge and information with manufacturing industries. However, after the global economic crisis in 2008, Korea has stepped into a stage of sluggish development, and it became crucial to find a way to have alternative innovation within an existing industry basis. In 2013, the new Korean government has implemented the concept of ‘the creative economy’ in national strategies to solve these problems by developing services and contents that focused on creative convergence industries. This system was built to cooperate and support various spectrums, and clarify vital relationships between the government, enterprises, and universities. Students with competence and experience obtained through the overall innovation processes of commercializing creative ideas are ideal for the creative workforce which enterprises are looking for, and this transition of system will provide opportunities to reinforce national competitiveness as a result. In this paper, we will propose a “Students Customized Creative Education Model” based on open innovation by reconstructing internal and external systems of universities and support projects to foster creative talents suitable for the creative economy. Subsequently, we will analyze the performance results and discuss the direction of future development.
How can we create a way to drive student involvement in the innovation process of commercializing creative ideas?
Economic Paradigm of Republic of Korea (Lee 2013)
70s–80s, Oil Crisis
90s, IMF Currency Crisis
Global Financial Crisis
Collective Intelligence and Creativity
Heavy Chemical Industry
IT and Digital Industry
Integrated and Creative Industry
Shipbuilding, Steel Products, Petrochemical
Semiconductors, Information and Communications
Smartphone, IT Convergence, Korean-wave Contents
The traditional closed innovation paradigm is no longer operating in the management and development of creative economy. Chesbrough (2003) mentioned that “In the closed innovation paradigm, they are screened and filtered during the research process. Although there were many ideas, few of them were available outside the walls of these firms. He added that in a changing era, there will be more opportunities of practicing with consumers, beyond listening to the voice of consumers or judging the ideas within the enterprise. Also, in this process, Chesbrough (2003) insisted that “the practice of learning (learning by doing)” is significant in open innovation.
In order to nurture the creative talents for a creative economic era, the universities should be aware the consumers are the students, who are the center of education. By considering the students as consumers of education, it is essential to understand what is required at each step in the process for the students who want to realize their own creative ideas. Likewise, this context applies to the industry’s efforts in responding to rapidly changing markets. Kodama and Shibata (2015) contended the importance of the consumer-centric approach by stating that “people don’t know what they want until you show it to them. That’s why I never rely on market research. Our task is to read things that are not yet on the page.” Nho (2016) insisted that “Open innovation is regarded as a crucial methodology for the growth of organizations such as universities and public research institutes as well as companies. Open innovation explains why knowledge sharing and cooperative work between in and out- bound of organizations are important.” The scope of R&D consisting mainly of university professors with expertise is no longer research based, yet the concept is extending to the activities associated with business in the concept of R&BD (Research & Business Development). Increasingly, the university will be encouraged to transfer those ideas into innovative products, rather than basic research. Beyond the level of the scientific or foundational research conducted in the existing universities, the practical ideas which are appropriate for the market at the level of utilizing the foundation or companies’ ideas will be needed in the short term. In order to actualize the learning environment through research and practice in the university, the role of the government and external companies are crucial. Chesbrough (2003) stated that “In many industries today, the logic supporting an internally oriented, centralized approach to R&D has become obsolete. Useful knowledge is widespread in many industries, and ideas must be used with alacrity if they are not to be lost. These factors create the new logic of Open Innovation, which embraces external ideas and knowledge in conjunction with internal R&D. This logic offers new ways to create value, along with the continuing need to claim a portion of that value.” In basic open innovation, external ideas and knowledge in conjunction with internal R&D were created and formed into the new logic and new value.
Fostering creative talents
With the aim of human resource development for the creative economy era, universities have played an important role. In order to attain the creative economy, Lee (2013) created the countermeasures for each organization: companies, central government, local governments, university and research institutes, and the public. Above all, he argued that in universities, it is more important to strengthen the convergence program and groundwork of convergence human resource cultivation, as well as foundations. This means that the orientation and structure of university education have to be designed in accordance with the relevant formation of the balanced requirements and roles of universities, companies, and the government. In addition, Ortega and Bagnato (2015) remarked that the university should be the generator of knowledge and indicated that “a university should not serve merely as a site for training human resources and course administrators, but needs to be a shaper of behavior and skills for the development of innovation with a direct impact on society.” For the students, it is important to perceive the feasibility of the idea through practice of innovation process and fill the gaps between research and development, which are caused by the different goals. Yun, Lee, et al. (2016) observed the markets/industry as “many subjects whom we meet in markets pay more attention to business models than anything else”, and “the necessity of new business models for access to new markets and new business models created by the combination of technologies and markets is being intensified more than ever”. These characteristics of markets support the purpose of fostering creative talents that student can penetrate a market more easily, especially whom with innovative/creative skills and potential ideas can be developed.
The importance of creative convergence education
Limitation of previous research on student education
As studied above, previous research has focused on the effects of education itself rather than focusing on students who are consumers of education. Therefore, this study focused on autonomous activities and processes of students who are major consumers of education beyond the scope of pedagogical research. This is a result of planning and operating a program that reflects reality, which is a differentiated characteristic of this paper, and it is meaningful to establish a reality-oriented activity into academics.
Case studies: creative convergence education program
Domestic and international institutions systemically promote various policies by maintaining a system to lead and prepare for the flow of convergence, for example, between technology, liberal arts, and design, which is happening all across the industries. In particular, design is considered to be the core branch to lead the convergence flow of the creative economy and a number of plans are being prepared to utilize them in various fields. The design for advanced countries, from a convergence aspect, is an important factor that commercializes the idea and makes user-centric products. Therefore, realizing that design capabilities that support the infrastructure is essential, they are introducing policies to develop design skills (Europe 2020 flagship initiative innovation union, 2010). Thus, the convergence of university education is becoming more essential in order to support the activity of an institute that is based on a convergence policy, which is the essential way to prepare for the upcoming future. Recently, training creative convergence talent is a major issue in education, and to achieve this, design related convergence education is mainly being operated by Korea, which emphasizes the convergence of science, technology, and the arts. There are also a number of programs overseas being operated such as D-School in Stanford University and the Double Master’s Joint Course, MA &MSc from King’s college London due to an early realization in the importance of creative convergence education, and has achieved effective results. In the case of Korea, Education courses operated by universities such as Seoul National University and UNIST gets supported Through National supported program called ‘convergence design universities promotion business'.
Case study of creative convergence education program
(Nation) University and Major
Target and Semester
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
* Students who have completed master degree in other schools; their PhD will be decided according to the result of Master performance in media lab
(Postgraduate course) Compulsory to take chemistry or physics as major, focused on class meeting and individual oriented research, possible to audit classes such as Harvard, MIT, MFA, Massart, Thesis (PhD course) research project
- Process: Imagine- > Create- > Experiment > Reflect
- Engineering, Physics, neuroscience, architecture, design based convergence education
- Academic system and support from enterprise
- Venture related class and start-up support
(master of science degree in media arts and sciences)
4 times a year of open admission system
- Comprehensive design studio and creative innovation based major
- Boot camp, pop-up class, among others
- Design, engineering, education, society, management, biology, industry based convergence education
- Debate, performance based class
- Design and industry-university project
Royal college of art
Double Master’s Joint Course (two years), MA (RCA) & MSc (Imperial College London)
- Disruptive Market Innovations
- Experimental Design –Group & Solo project
- Critical & Historical Studies
- Postgraduate Student Loan of up to £10,000 per course - workshop, seminar, student teaching workshop industry-university project
- Prototype production support
Innovation Design Engineering, IDE
Technische Universität München
(Postgraduate course) industrial design curriculum has been provided to variety of majors such as architecture, machinery, information, business engineering Administration
- Design theory & multidisciplinary related field
- Project: Design-utilized product, service and brand development
- Personal research and thesis at systemic level
- Modular education (Diploma course students & Master course students participated)
- Utilize methodology such as theory, seminar, research
- Focused on company experience and understanding through project and internship
Master of Industrial Design
Seoul National University
40 students a year,
More than 3 semesters registered to students who are assigned to selected undergraduate major, obtaining certain grade
- Compulsory program of integrated creative design (selected undergraduate: recommend students who are assigned to Design, Management, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Industrial Computer Engineering, Architecture, Electrical Engineering, Consumer Pedology, Psychology, Clothing department chooses interdisciplinary program)
- Government expenditure supported program which has been established in 2009
- Team teaching and team work focused education
- Supports foreign internship and training by creating industrial oriented education environment.
- Opportunity to attend workshop, group activity seminar, conference, exhibition and entry fee supported
Integrated Creative Design
- 4 Phase project-based integrated Univ-Industry Cooperation courses
- Design & Engineering Integrated Project, Master Graduation Project
- Research facility
- Project to exchange actively with foreign universities
- Supports industry internship and start-up training
Postgraduate School of Design Convergence specialty
Analyzing CHEESE program in open innovation
Definition of CHEESE program in Open innovation
Concept in Open innovation
- Open innovation-based CHEESE program has a goal of development design in product, service, and system through ideation, visualization, prototype manufacturing, evaluation, and commercialization.
Features in Open innovation
- Process that aims for design and technology convergence.
- Progress based on process participants’ curiosity, open mind, and volition.
- Learn some necessary requisites for capability, such as attitude, skills, and knowledge
- Internal/External supporting in open innovation
Implications from Open innovation
- Includes applying for patent/intellectual property rights and registration process in early stage of process.
- Considers commercialization with practical results such as awards and applying for patents and foundation.
- Short-term compensation in connection with internal and external support programs for results at each stage
Activities and necessary requisites for each step of CHEESE program
Steps of CHEESE Program
Necessary requisites for convergence exchange based on Oganisjana (2015)
Inspiration & Motivation
Getting inspiration and obtaining motivation through acquiring overall knowledge and information.
(Research of life style, trends, users, technology)
Knowledge, other views on life, inspiration & motivation
Find the needs and gain specific cognition through direct experience.
(Field trip, town watching, seminars, workshops)
Ideation & Visualization
Define discovered problem and needs, and actualize the concept and visualize it by coming up with new ideas.
(Sketching, modeling, rendering, presentations)
Problem solving, new ideas, creativity
Prototype to actualize defined ideas
(3D Printing, mock-up, simulation)
Get evaluation and advice, whether it agrees with the intention of the idea, through various evaluations such as utility of manufactured prototype, satisfaction level, purchase intention, and capacity.
(Test of usability/emotion/satisfaction, exhibition)
Advice, critical thinking, support
Commercialize verified ideas by linking with externals based on marketability
(Technology licensing, business linkage, foundation)
Content of business support in internal and external system of university in each steps of CHEESE program
Inspiration & Motivation
Ideation & Visualization
Design studio (educational environment)
Special lecture about new technology
Support for application of invention and competitive exhibition
KIT engineering fair
Technology and activity information from registered business (family company)
- Foundation education
- Camp (invention, foundation, technology)
- Field trip
- Mentor and mentee
- Support patent application and registration
- Various kinds of competitive exhibition
- Support capstone design (comprehensive design)
- Financial support for manufacturing prototype (foundation group)
Government supported manpower cultivation (KDM)
Design concept award
Engineering competitive exhibition
Creative economy exposition
Exhibition and evaluation award
- Technology licensing linkage
Government supported business foundation
- Distribution linkage
The LINC project pursues the realization of a creative economy ecosystem, which enables universities and companies to grow together. It aims to create and diffuse various industrial cooperation leading models through supporting the industrial cooperation family company, achieving a 60% employment rate of local universities, and choosing industrial cooperation leading universities. For this, the model reinforces the support of breaking away from the engineering universities’ center of industrial cooperation and foundation, and supports the creation of various leading models by giving modularized and dimensionalized support through local industry-based characterization. In addition, the LINC project enhances the possibility of maintaining industrial cooperation and reinforcing the role of industrial cooperation through restructuring the industrial cooperation-friendly system and phased business management. In other words, the project wants to create a business where companies put the universities’ technology and human resources to use, and where universities reinforce the education and research capability that satisfy the industrial setting demand and forming characterization. These support projects were created to support students in gaining capability by linking internal and external activities. These projects include environmental support such as studios, idea competitive exhibition entry support, and prototype manufacturing support (Table 5).
Externally, there is a project supported by the Korean government for business and foundations related to creative manpower cultivation and creative economy vitalization. It consists of an integrated support system that links mentor connection, exhibition, prototype manufacturing support, and route to market in each step to the idea of commercialization from supporting an active environment such as studios. In addition, there are various design awards and competitions for acknowledging differentiation and the standard of idea and possibility of realization. This project helps students to get to know the marketability. Occasionally, external companies affiliate themselves with commercialization when good ideas are discovered through those announcements and exhibitions. In terms of humans and material, the external support has larger expandability than university support systems. The external support is effective when university supported ideas are actualized. In the next section, we will examine what kind of activity and supports have been taken to perform the entire process through the following 2 cases, which were real outcomes of the proposed “CHEESE program” (Table 5).
Case 1: student A
Product name: Cleanse (Clens)
Product description: “Clens” is a new concept of a disposable contact lens case that solves sanitation problems, including bacterial infections caused by unavoidable external touch such as lens tweezers and fingers. Clens is an item that uses the structure of small cymbals. When users push the bottom side to upwards, the feature stretches while embracing the finger, which enables users to wear the lens without the need for lens tweezers or touching the lens with fingers. As a result, users feel less bothered because there is no external touch and concerns of bacterial infection decreases. This product is ideal for those who highly regard sanitation and eyeball health.
Project period: 2014.3.3~2015.05.18
Major Performances: K-design Award prize; Reddot Winner award; creative intellectual property [design] commercialization support in 2014; acquired 4 design patents; submitted to Creative Economy Expo 2015; signed contract on linkage commercialization (Innovartis and MOU) (Fig. 5).
Phased activity Caused by Proposed Model (CHEESE program)
Inspiration & MotivationThe (internal) study of making ideas was done in the “laboratory resident” activity, which was supported by the ACE project. The laboratory activities created an environment for coming up with ideas, so participants were able to discuss the direction of the product’s development. Through a regularly conducted idea verification time, the item for “hygienic lens container” was discovered (Table 6).Table 6
Open innovation activities in CHEESE program
Inspiration & Motivation
Ideation & Visualization
Internal open innovation
External open innovation
(Internal open innovation) discovering problems by progressing research about development items and defining was processed through the “Start-up Club” activity, which was supported by the LINC project. Indirect experience in product development was obtained by gaining support to attend idea expositions, various exhibitions, or do market research (Table 6).
Ideation & Visualization
When an organized idea concept comes out, it is visualized to features such as modeling and rendering. The concept becomes ready to be applied to a claim and presented to others (Table 6).
(Internal open innovation) Attending global events can happen through the support of the LINK project in patent and intellectual property applications about idea (a) and international travel expenses for (b) design award attendance fees and awards. This linking between external and internal support systems helps makes students’ ideas become more valuable (Table 6).
(External open innovation) The German “Reddot” Design Award, which is one of the world’s three major design awards, is an opportunity to make ideas be verified at a world-wide level (only 5.1% of a total of 4761 attendants from 60 countries are selected as winners) and the ideas were submitted through the support of the university, and selected as a winner (2014.9.6) (Table 6).
The prototype becomes supported by being selected as a creative idea that is most likely to be commercialized. This process occurs by having the students apply for the “Creative Intellectual Property [Design] Commercialization Support Program (2014)”, which is supported by the Small Business Administration and patent office.
Prototyping is a stage where the idea is actualized from the concept, and production costs are directly invested into it. This makes this step important for students to go through (Table 6).
(External open innovation) Students had an opportunity to verify the possibility of idea commercialization through market research and evaluation by exhibiting in a creative economy exposition in 2015 at Seoul Coex, which was held by the support of several Korean government institutions and organizations, where creative economic activities mainly occur. By targeting people who participate in the exposition, the product’s acceptance and attraction, results after evaluating the required improvements, design suitability, functional interest, and facilities of use were evaluated intensely. Participating in this exposition became an opportunity to examine the future progress of “commercialization”, as the purchase intention and marketability was shown to be above average (Table 6).
(External open innovation) The German company “Innovartis”, a leading idea commercialization specialist, visited the creative economy exposition in 2015. They signed an MOU as they considered the product “Clens” highly. In addition, they promised to cooperate and help serve actively commercialization enterprises or with the technology licensing that may occur in the future (Table 6).
Case 2: student B
Product name: The changing face tissue case
Product description: This cute shape tissue case not only acts as a case, but is also aware whenever the tissue pops up by utilizing Arduino and PIR sensors (Passive Infrared Sensor). The shape of the tissue case’s eyes, which was designed with LED, changes according to the frequency of tissues popping up. This case intends to make users pay attention to the environment by inducing users to economize tissues.
Progress period: 2014.9~2015.5
Major Performances: Recipient of Gumi University’s Eighth Invention and Founding Idea Competition Award (Creative Korea) and the World’s Woman Invention Competition Award (KIWIE); acquired design patent; made a contract with GDP Design Company and MOU, as well as technology licensing (Fig. 6).
Phased activity caused by proposed model (CHEESE Program)
Inspiration & Motivation(External) The students get stimulus and are inspired by continuously discovering ideas through various seminars and exhibitions that are was held by district design promotion institutions DGDC (Daegu Gyeong-Buk Design Center). The students also do idea excavating and project activities by acting as a KDM member (Korea Design Membership: system which selects design-related students who have competitiveness), which links school activities with international activities (Table 7).Table 7
Open innovation activities in CHEESE program
Inspiration & Motivation
Ideation & Visualization
(Internal) Many students worked together as a team through the “Start-up club” activity, which was supported by the LINK project. The students worked together on a theme of idea excavating utilizing 3D printing. One of the individual ideas, the tissue case, was selected, which was then quickly prototyped. The idea was actualized through numerous 3D printing experiments. This process became an opportunity and experience to verify ideas freely through utilizing 3D printing support, not just in the laboratory, but also in the university (Table 7).
Ideation & Visualization
(Internal) Design rights were applied through patent and intellectual property applications. This was supported by the LINK project. (2015/2/5) (Table 7).
(Internal) prototype production was supported by the Foundation Club activity, which was supported by the LINK project. Flaws were reformed after a number of test productions for continuous operations from the idea stage (Table 7).
(Internal open innovation) In the university, the KIT Engineering Fair is held once a year. The KIT Engineering Fair is an exhibition which enables students to present their research outcomes. Through this exhibition, the companies and individuals have an opportunity such as cooperating together and presenting awards to projects that had outstanding results. The participants also can look at valuable ideas or technology. The developed tissue case was selected as an outstanding product and was selected for a competitive exhibition. In addition, the expenses associated with applying for the competitive exhibition was supported through the ACE project (Table 7).
(External open innovation) The project obtained a participation award from Creative Korea in 2014, and a Silver Award and Dongguk University Chancellor Award from ‘KIWIE (Korea International Women’s Invention Exposition) in 2015, which was sponsored by the Korean Invention Institute (Table 7).
(Internal/External) A stake contract was completed with the GDP Design Company, which is a family company that made an agreement with Kumoh National Institute of Technology through the KIT Engineering Fair in 2015. A technology licensing fee was given after technology licensing in order to commercialize the product in 2015. The project was also paid according to the idea’s share ratio (Table 7).
Results and discussion: academic contribution & implication
Performances of CHEESE program in 3 years
Limit & conclusion
This study had a test operation after the CHEESE program was designed. There are limits to generalization and standardization due to insufficient cases as it is conducted for specific volunteered students. Also it has not been able to apply the needs of industry in depth as it is made in the undergraduate course.
Conceptualization of creative education model that cultivates creative people to improve their intellectual added value and recreate knowledge needed in a creative economy (intellectual based) era.
This model will cultivate convergence ability, which gives solutions based on overall knowledge that considers the market, technology, and users in a balanced way, in order to solve complicated problems that occur in the field.
The model will allow students to obtain experience and encourage confidence through a series of practice processes that plan, design, produce, and evaluate in a self-directed way based on acquired knowledge.
The model will encourage leadership that constructs opportunities while linking the internal and external parts of university supporting projects, as well as effective and efficient communication and management of team work in each stage.
For students, the most meaningful aspect of this proposed model is actualizing and developing their own ideas, as well as being able to realize the professional process that is more than just the level of thinking ideas. In addition, the project helps students overcome various challenges and provides other opportunities by having students obtain long-term outcomes, while receiving short-term stimulus, encouragement, and rewards from the overall supporting system.
This research was supported by the MSIP(Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning), Korea, under the ITRC (Information Technology Research Center) support program(IITP-2016-H8601-16-1011) supervised by the IITP (Institute for Information & communications Technology Promotion).
SK planned and organized the educational curriculum, CHEESE program. HR and HA made interviews to volunteered students in Kumoh National Institute of Technology. Three authors analyzed and reviewed the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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