The Wilno Voivodeship (Polish: województwo wileńskie) was one of 16 Voivodeships in the Second Polish Republic, with the capital in Wilno (now Vilnius, Lithuania). The jurisdiction was created in 1926 and populated predominantly by Poles, with notable minorities of Belarusians, Jews and Lithuanians. Before 1926, the voivodeship's area was known as the Wilno Land; it had the same boundaries and was also within the contemporary borders of Poland at the time.
|Voivodeship of Poland|
Location of Wilno Voivodeship (red) within the Second Republic of Poland (1938).
|29,109 km2 (11,239 sq mi)|
|29,011 km2 (11,201 sq mi)|
• May–-Sept 1939
|20 January 1926|
|17 September 1939|
|Political subdivisions||9 powiats|
The total area of Wilno Voivodeship was 29,011 km2 (11,201 sq mi), with a population of 1.276 million. Following the German and Soviet invasion of Poland and the reshaping of Europe, Poland's borders were redrawn at the insistence of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin at the Tehran Conference. Wilno Voivodeship was incorporated into the Lithuanian and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republics. Many of the ethnic Polish population were forcibly resettled at the end of World War II. Since 1991, the former territory of the voivodeship is now part of sovereign Lithuania and sovereign Belarus.
In the late 19th century, Poland was part of the Russian Empire. Following World War I, Poland sought to re-establish its independence, struggling to separate from Lithuania. In 1920 following the Polish–Lithuanian War and the Żeligowski's Mutiny, Vilnius Region became part of the Republic of Central Lithuania. In 1922, after a disputed election to the Vilnius Sejm, parliament incorporated Central Lithuania into the Second Polish Republic.
From 6 April 1922 to 20 January 1926, the territory was known as the Wilno Land (Polish: ziemia wileńska). Wilno Voivodeship was created on 20 January 1926 from the territories of the Wilno Land. On 1 April 1927, Mołodeczno county and  was created from parts of Wilejka (5 gminas), Oszmiana (1 gmina), Wołożyń (1 gmina)  and Stołpce (1 gmina)  countries. On 1 April 1929, Gmina Bienica of Mołodeczno county was dissolved and was bound to Gmina Wojstom of Wilejka county. At same day, Kozłowszczyzna and Norzyca gminas of Postawy were dissolved and passed to Szarkowszczyzna and Głębokie gminas and of Dzisna county, Wierzchnie gmina of Dzisna was dissolved and passed to Postawy county, Gmina Jody of Brasław county was dissolved and was passed to Gmina Szarkowszczyzna of Dzisna county. It was formed as the last of the Polish voivodeships in the interbellum. (The Sandomierz Voivodeship was created in late 1939, following the Soviet invasion).
Following the Soviet invasion in 1939, the Wilno -->Voivodeship was divided between the newly created Vileyka Voblast of the Byelorussian SSR and independent Lithuania (from 1940 this was known as the Lithuanian SSR). This division was not internationally accepted. The Polish government-in-exile nominated Zygmunt Fedorowicz in 1942 as its representative for Wilno region. He was arrested by the NKVD in 1944.
The Wilno Voivodeship had an area of 29,011 km2 (which made it the fourth biggest Polish Voivodeship) and a population (according to the Polish census of 1931) - of 1,276,000.
The Voivodeship was located in the country's northeastern corner, bordering Soviet Union to the east, Lithuania to the west, Latvia to the north, Nowogródek Voivodeship to the south and Białystok Voivodeship to the south-west. The landscape was flat and hilly in parts, with several lakes (such as Narocz, the biggest lake in interwar Poland). As of 1 January 1937, 21.2% of the area was forested (with the national average of 22.2%).
Towns and administrative divisionEdit
|List of Counties with square area and population|
|1||Brasław county||4,217 km2 (1,628 sq mi)||143,100|
|2||Dzisna county||3,968 km2 (1,532 sq mi)||159,900|
|3||Mołodeczno county||1,898 km2 (733 sq mi)||91,300|
|4||Oszmiana county||2,362 km2 (912 sq mi)||104,600|
|5||Postawy county||3,050 km2 (1,178 sq mi)||99,900|
|6||Święciany county||4,017 km2 (1,551 sq mi)||136,500|
|7||Wilejka county||3,427 km2 (1,323 sq mi)||131,100|
|8||Wilno city||105 km2 (41 sq mi)||195,100|
|9||Wilno - Troki county||5,967 km2 (2,304 sq mi)||214,500 *|
|* Wilno - Troki county was the biggest in the whole interwar Poland, bigger than the entire Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship|
In 1931, the biggest city of the Voivodeship (and the biggest in northeastern Poland) was Wilno, with 195 100 inhabitants. Apart from this city, Voivodeship was sparsely populated and lacked more urban centres. All other towns were very small, none of them reached a population larger than 10 000 (as of 1931).
According to the Polish census of 1931 the Voivodeship was inhabited by 1,276,000 people. Majority of population was Polish (59.7% claimed Polish as their native tongue). Among minorities there were: Belarusians (22.7%), Jews (8.5%), Lithuanians (5.5%) and Russians (3.4%). The population density was 44 persons per km2 (second lowest in Poland, after Polesie Voivodeship). The census has been criticized as inaccurate due to bias against the Belarusians and Lithuanians.
Following the Polish territorial changes after World War II, a significant part of the Polish population was repatriated to the newly formed People's Republic of Poland as Wilno Voivodeship was split and incorporated into the Lithuanian and Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republics. Many encountered difficulties in the repatriation process and were prevented from leaving. The Polish population that remained in Lithuania was subjected to attempts at Lithuanization (in the 1950s), which were thwarted by Moscow, and to Russification and Sovietization policies.
Industry and transportEdit
Wilno Voivodeship was located in the so-called Poland "B", which meant that it was still underdeveloped, apart from the city of Wilno. A large part of the population was poor, with a high level of illiteracy (in 1931, 29.1% was illiterate, with the national average of 23.1%). Railway network was scarce, with only a few junctions - the most important one at Wilno, also at Molodeczno, Królewszczyzna and Nowa Wilejka. The total length of railroads within Voivodeship's boundaries was 1,097 kilometres, which was only 3.8 per 100 km2.
- Government delegates
- Władysław Sołtan, 4 February 1922 – 6 April 1922
- Walery Roman, 6 April 1922 – 29 August 1924
- Władysław Raczkiewicz, 29 August 1924 – 14 June 1925
- Olgierd Malinowski, 22 December 1925 – 25 May 1926 (acting)
- Władysław Raczkiewicz, 18 May 1926 – 20 June 1931
- Stefan Kirtiklis, 20 December 1930 – 20 June 1931
- Zygmunt Beczkowicz, 20 June 1931 – 27 January 1933
- Marian Styczniakowski, 27 January 1933 – 16 February 1933 (acting)
- Władysław Jaszczołt, 16 February 1933 – 13 October 1935
- Marian Styczniakowski, 14 October 1935 – 4 October 1935 (acting)
- Ludwik Bociański, 4 December 1935 – 19 May 1939
- Artur Maruszewski, 19 May 1939 – 18 September 1939
- "Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 26 czerwca 1925 r. o zmianie granic powiatów na obszarze okręgu administracyjnego wileńskiego". isap.sejm.gov.pl. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
- "Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 4 marca 1926 r. w sprawie niektórych zmian rozporządzenia Rady Ministrów z dnia 26 czerwca 1925 r. o zmianie granic powiatów na obszarze okręgu administracyjnego wileńskiego". isap.sejm.gov.pl. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
- "Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 14 stycznia 1927 r. w sprawie zmiany rozporządzenia Rady Ministrów z dnia 4 marca 1926 r. o niektórych zmianach rozporządzenia Rady Ministrów z dnia 26 czerwca 1925 r. w przedmiocie zmiany granic powiatów na obszarze okręgu administracyjnego wileńskiego". isap.sejm.gov.pl. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
- "Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 4 maja 1926 r. o niektórych zmianach granic województwa wileńskiego, nowogródzkiego, poleskiego i wołyńskiego". isap.sejm.gov.pl. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
- "Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 20 lutego 1929 r. o zmianie granic powiatów: brasławskiego, dziśnieńskiego, postawskiego, wilejskiego i mołodeczańskiego w województwie wileńskiem". isap.sejm.gov.pl. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
- "Drugi Powszechny Spis Ludności z dnia 9 XII 1931 r". Statystyka Polski (in Polish). D (34). 1939.
- Ghetto In Flames. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. GGKEY:48AK3UF5NR9. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
- Piotr Eberhardt (2003). Ethnic groups and population changes in twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe: history, data, and analysis. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 199–202. ISBN 978-0-7656-0665-5. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
- Timothy Snyder (2004). The reconstruction of nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999. Yale University Press. pp. 92–. ISBN 978-0-300-10586-5. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
- Dovile Budryte (2005). Taming nationalism?: political community building in the post-Soviet Baltic States. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 147–148. ISBN 978-0-7546-4281-7. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
- Roman Stinzing; Eugeniusz Szczygieł; Henryk Berezowski (2000). Złote lata radia w II Rzeczypospolitej (in Polish). Nowy Sącz: V.I.D.I. ISBN 83-909628-6-1.
- Zygmunt Gloger (1900). Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski (in Polish). Kraków: Spółka Wydawnicza Polska. ISBN 83-214-0883-4.
- (in Polish) Maly Rocznik Statystyczny, Warszawa 1939 (Concise Statistical Year-Book of Poland, Warsaw 1939).