The Dominican Republic is a nation on the island of Hispaniola and part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. Today, there are approximately 100 Jews living in the Dominican Republic.
Jewish history in the small Caribbean nation became in earnest during the years preceeding World War II.
In March 1938, U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt convened a
32-nation conference at Evian-les-Bains,
France, to discuss the resettlement of German and Austrian Jewish refugees to
other lands. The assembled nations endorsed the idea of resettlement but
agreed that no nation would "be expected or asked to receive a greater
number of emigrants than is permitted by existing legislation." Given the
immigration restrictionist and anti-Semitic moods of the Depression era, this
meant that, in effect, no nation – even the United States – was expected
to take more than a few thousand refugees.
Only the Dominican
Republic expressed a willingness to accept a significant number - between
50,000 and 100,000 Jews - an offer that the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee jumped at.
The Dominican government, led by dictator Rafael Trujillo,
welcomed the Jews on the condition that they become agricultural workers
rather than "commission agents." The Joint Distribution Committee created a
special organization, the Dominican Republic Settlement Association (DORSA)
and funded it to purchase 26,000 acres in the Dominican town of Sosua, which
had previously been developed as a banana plantation but then abandoned by the
United Fruit Company.
On January 30, 1940. DORSA officials signed a contract with
the Trujillo regime. Historian Nicholas Ross, writing in the journal of the
American Jewish Historical Society, quotes the contract:
The Republic ... hereby guarantees to the settlers
and their descendants full opportunity to continue their lives and
occupations free from molestation, discrimination or persecution, with
full freedom of religion ... civil, legal and economic rights, as well
as other rights inherent to human beings.
Despite this encouraging start, the Sosua experiment
struggled. Submarine warfare in the Atlantic and the need to use Allied ships
for troops and supplies made it possible to relocate only 50 or so refugees in
the first year. Some of the refugees wished to begin life again
as Dominican farmers, but an equal number saw Sosua only as a place to wait
until they could get a visa to enter the United States. It soon became clear
that it would cost about $3,000 to settle a family on a tract of Sosua land
and equip it for farming and the colony appeared
headed for disintegration.
James N. Rosenberg, head of DORSA, refused to let the
experiment die. Nicholas Ross quotes Rosenberg: "Half the world lives now
under the shadow of war, persecution, horror and death. ... Now an open door
of hope beckons. ... We must carry this endeavor to accomplishment. … We
dare not falter."
DORSA imported experts from kibbutzim in Palestine to teach
the settlers communal agriculture. They helped design and build a communal
meat processing plant and butter and cheese factory and recommended raising
lemongrass for its oil, which is commercially used in perfume. A trickle of
refugee settlers continued to the town despite the fact that the American
entry into the war made it even harder to cross the Atlantic.
In October 1941,
the Nazis cut off Jewish emigration from the territories they occupied in
Europe. Sosuas Jewish population peaked at about 500. By this point, DORSA
had invested about $1 million in the project.
By 1944, Sosuas fortunes turned, DORSA
abandoned communal agriculture and gave the settlers private plots. The
colonists focused on raising cattle and butter and cheese production.
Eventually, they learned to prosper. While some left for the U.S. or Israel,
Today, fewer than 25 Jewish families remain in Sosua. Their
dairy business supplies most of the butter and cheese consumed in the
Dominican Republic. Until 1980, the town was still entirely Jewish; however, since the opening of the international Puerto Plata airport four miles west of Sosua, the village has turned into a major beach resort.
The town still maintains a functioning synagogue hat holds services every other Shabbat and on the High Holidays. The community also has a museum dedicated to preserving the history and story of the town's original Jewish settlers. The final
caption on its exhibit reads: "Sosua, a community born of pain and
nurtured in love must, in the final analysis, represent the ultimate triumph
Sources: American Jewish
Historical Society; Jerusalem Post (January 6, 1995)