NATO Joint Military Symbology
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (November 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
NATO Joint Military Symbology is the NATO standard for military map marking symbols. Originally published in 1986 as Allied Procedural Publication 6 (APP-6), NATO Military Symbols for Land Based Systems the standard has evolved over the years and is currently in its fourth version (APP-6C). The symbols are designed to enhance NATO’s joint interoperability by providing a standard set of common symbols. APP-6 constituted a single system of joint military symbology for land, air, space and sea based formations and units, which can be displayed for either automated map display systems or for manual map marking. It covers all of the joint services and can be used by them.
- 1 History
- 2 Symbol sets
- 3 Symbol composition
- 4 Affiliation
- 5 Battle dimension
- 6 Icon placement
- 7 Unit icons
- 8 Equipment icons
- 9 Installation icons
- 10 Modifier icons
- 11 Common combinations
- 12 Unit sizes
- 13 Status
- 14 Symbol modifiers
- 15 Other information
- 16 MIL-STD-2525A
- 17 See also
- 18 References
- 19 External links
The first basic military map symbols began to be used by western armies in the decades following the end of the Napoleonic Wars. During World War I, there was a degree of harmonisation between the British and French systems, including the adoption of the colour red for enemy forces and blue for allies; the British had previously used red for friendly troops because of the traditional red coats of British soldiers. However, the system now in use is broadly based on that devised by the US Army Corps of Engineers in 1917. The infantry symbol of a saltire in a rectangle was said to symbolise the crossed belts of an infantryman, while the single diagonal line for cavalry was said to represent the sabre belt. With the formation of NATO in 1949, the US Army system was standardised and adapted, with different shapes for friendly (blue rectangle), hostile (red diamond) and unknown (yellow quatrefoil) forces.
APP-6A was promulgated in December 1999. The NATO standardization agreement that covers APP-6A is STANAG 2019 (edition 4), promulgated in December 2000. APP-6A replaced APP-6 (last version, July 1986), which had been promulgated in November 1984 (edition 3 of STANAG 2019 covered APP-6), and was replaced in turn by Joint Symbology APP-6(B) (APP-6B) in 2008 (STANAG 2019 edition 5, June 2008) and NATO Joint Military Symbology APP-6(C) (APP-6C) in 2011 (STANAG 2019 edition 6, May 2011).
The U.S. is the current custodian of APP-6A, which is equivalent to MIL-STD-2525A.
The APP-6A standard provides common operational symbology along with details on their display and plotting to ensure the compatibility, and to the greatest extent possible, the interoperability of NATO Land Component Command, Control, Communications, Computer, and Intelligence (C4I) systems, development, operations, and training. APP-6A addresses the efficient transmission of symbology information through the use of a standard methodology for symbol hierarchy, information taxonomy, and symbol identifiers.
APP-6A recognises five broad sets of symbols, each set using its own SIDC (Symbol identification coding) scheme:
- Units, Equipment, and Installations
- Military Operations (Tactical graphics)
- METOC (Meteorological and Oceanographic)
- Signals Intelligence
- MOOTW (Military Operations Other Than War)
Units, Equipment, and Installations consist of icons, generally framed, associated with a single point on the map. All sorts of graphical and textual modifiers may surround them, specifying categories, quantities, dates, direction of movement, etc.
Tactical graphics represent operational information that cannot be presented via icon-based symbols alone: unit boundaries, special area designations, and other unique markings related to battlespace geometry and necessary for battlefield planning and management. There are point, line and area symbols in this category.
Meteorological and oceanographic symbology is the only set not under the standard's control: rather, they are imported from the symbology established by the World Meteorological Organization.
The Signals Intelligence and Military Operations Other Than War symbology sets stand apart from Units, Equipment, and Installations although they obey the same conventions (i.e., they consist of framed symbols associated to points on the map). They do not appear in APP-6A proper, having been introduced by MIL-STD-2525B.
Most of the symbols designate specific points, and consist of a frame (a geometric border), a fill, a constituent icon, and optional symbol modifiers. The latter are optional text fields or graphic indicators that provide additional information.
The frame provides a visual indication of the affiliation, battle dimension, and status of an operational object. The use of shape and colour is redundant, allowing the symbology to be used under less-than-ideal conditions such as a monochrome red display to preserve the operator's night vision. Nearly all symbols are highly stylised and can be drawn by persons almost entirely lacking in artistic skill; this allows one to draw a symbolic representation (a GRAPHREP, Graphical report) using tools as rudimentary as plain paper and pencil.
The frame serves as the base to which other symbol components and modifiers are added. In most cases a frame surrounds an icon. One major exception is equipment, which may be represented by icons alone (in which case the icons are coloured as the frame would be).
The fill is the area within a symbol. If the fill is assigned a colour, it provides an enhanced (redundant) presentation of information about the affiliation of the object. If colour is not used, the fill is transparent. A very few icons have fills of their own, which are not affected by affiliation.
The icons themselves, finally, can be understood as combinations of elementary glyphs that use simple composition rules, in a manner reminiscent of some ideographic writing systems such as Chinese. The standard, however, still attempts to provide an "exhaustive" listing of possible icons instead of laying out a dictionary of component glyphs. This causes operational problems when the need for an unforeseen symbol arises (particularly in MOOTW), a problem exacerbated by the administratively centralised maintenance of the symbology sets.
When rendering symbols with the fill on, APP-6A calls for the frame and icon to be black or white (as appropriate for the display). When rendering symbols with the fill off, APP-6A calls for a monochrome frame and icon (usually black or in accordance with the affiliation colour). NATO symbols can also be rendered with fill off using a frame coloured according to affiliation and a black icon, though this is not defined in any APP-6 standard.
Affiliation refers to the relationship of the tracker to the operational object being represented. The basic affiliation categories are Unknown, Friend, Neutral, and Hostile. In the ground unit domain, a yellow quatrefoil frame is used to denote unknown affiliation, a blue rectangle frame to denote friendly affiliation, a green square frame to denote neutral affiliation, and a red diamond frame to denote hostile affiliation.:11 In the other domains (air and space, sea surface and subsurface, etc.), the same color scheme is used.
The full set of affiliations is:
- Pending (P)
- Unknown (U)
- Assumed Friend (A)
- Friend (F)
- Neutral (N)
- Suspect (S) (Assumed Hostile)
- Hostile (H)
- Exercise Pending (G)
- Exercise Unknown (W)
- Exercise Assumed Friend (M)
- Exercise Friend (D)
- Exercise Neutral (L)
- Joker (J) (Exercise Suspect)
- Faker (K) (Exercise Hostile)
There are no "Assumed Neutral" and "Exercise Assumed Neutral" affiliations.
APP-6 Colour representation
The concept of affiliation does not appear in the original APP-6 as these were not introduced until APP-6A. Instead, the original APP-6 described a series of "colour representations" with the purpose of distinguishing friendly and enemy elements.
- Multi-colour representation:
- Blue or black for friendly icons
- Red for enemy icons
- Green for man-made obstacles (friendly or enemy)
- Yellow for chemical, biological, radiological or Nuclear events
- Other colours to be established in a map legend
- tri-colour representation:
- Blue or black for friendly icons
- Red for enemy icons
- Green or yellow for man-made obstacles (friendly or enemy) and for chemical, biological, radiological or Nuclear events
- two colour representation:
- Blue, Green, or black for friendly icons
- Red for enemy icons
- One colour representation:
- Single line border for friendly icons
- double line border for enemy icons, and unbordered icons were labeled with "EN" to the lower right corner
Battle dimension defines the primary mission area for the operational object within the battlespace. An object can have a mission area above the Earth's surface (i.e., in the air or outer space), on it, or below it. If the mission area of an object is on the surface, it can be either on land or sea. The subsurface dimension concerns those objects whose mission area is below the sea surface (e.g., submarines and sea mines). Some cases require adjudication; for example, an Army or Marine helicopter unit is a manoeuvring unit (i.e., a unit whose ground support assets are included) and is thus represented in the land dimension. Likewise, a landing craft whose primary mission is ferrying personnel or equipment to and from shore is a maritime unit and is represented in the sea surface dimension. A landing craft whose primary mission is to fight on land, on the other hand, is a ground asset and is represented in the land dimension.
Closed frames are used to denote the land and sea surface dimensions, frames open at the bottom denote the air/space dimension, and frames open at the top denote the subsurface dimension.
|Air and Space||Ground||Sea surface||Subsurface|
An unknown battle dimension is possible; for example, some electronic warfare signatures (e.g., radar systems) are common to several battle dimensions and would therefore be assigned an "Unknown" battle dimension until further discrimination becomes possible. Special Forces may operate in any dimension.
The full set of battle dimensions is, in ascending order of distance from Earth center:
- SOF (F)
- Sea Subsurface (U)
- Sea Surface (S)
- Ground (G)
- Air (A)
- Space (P)
- Other (X)
- Unknown (Z)
The mnemonic for this ordering is "Fuss-Gap".
The letter in parentheses is used by the Symbol identification coding (SIDC) scheme —strings of 15 characters used to transmit symbols.
The Space and Air battle dimensions share a single frame shape. In the Ground battle dimension, two different frames are used for the Friendly (and Assumed Friendly) affiliations in order to distinguish between units and equipment. The SOF (Special Operations Forces) are assigned their own battle dimension because they typically can operate across several domains (air, ground, sea surface and subsurface) in the course of a single mission; the frames are the same as for the Ground (unit) battle dimension.:47–48 The Other battle dimension, finally, seems to be reserved for future use (there are no instances of its use as of 2525B Change 1).
APP-6A defined a standard octagon boundary within each map symbol frame. This octagon is not actually shown when symbols are drawn or rendered but, with a few defined exceptions, all icons inside the frame would also fit inside these octagons. APP-6C modified some symbol frames from previous editions of the standard. From top to bottom, here is the symbol boundary shown inside the APP-6C frames of space elements, air elements, land units, land equipment and surface sea elements, and sub-surface sea elements.
The icon is the innermost part of a symbol which, when displayed, provides an abstract pictorial or alphanumeric representation of an operational object. The icon portrays the role or mission performed by the object. APP-6A distinguishes between icons that must be framed or unframed and icons where framing is optional.:39–43
|Friendly unit symbol||Hostile unit symbol||Neutral unit symbol||Unknown unit symbol||Unit type|
|Air Defence (evocative of a protective dome)|
|Ammunition (stylised breech-loaded, rimmed cartridge or shell)|
|Armour (Stylized tank treads)|
|Field artillery (a cannonball)|
|Rotary-wing aviation (Blurred, spinning helicopter blades)|
|Fixed wing aviation (Air screw)|
|Bridging (topographical map symbol for a bridge)|
|Combat Service Support|
|Engineer (stylised bridge or other structure)|
|Explosive Ordnance Disposal|
|Fuel (Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricants ("POL")) (simplified funnel)|
|Hospital (personnel) (derivative of the medical symbol below superimposed with "H")|
|HQ unit i.e., the personnel; the HQ's physical position is represented by an empty rectangle with a line extending down from bottom left.|
|Infantry (evocative of the crossed bandoliers of Napoleonic infantry and the crossed rifles of the U.S. Army's infantry insignia)|
|Maintenance (stylised wrench)|
|Medical (evocative of the Red Cross symbol)|
|Missile (simplified missile)|
|Mortar (Projectile with a vertical arrow symbolizing mortar's high arc trajectory)|
|Military Police (or "SP" for Shore Patrol)|
|Navy (An anchor)|
|CBRN Defence (simplified crossed retorts, the principal elements in the insignia of the U.S. Army Chemical Corps)|
|Ordnance (excludes maintenance units of the US Army Ordnance Corps; see maintenance, above)|
|Radar (stylised lightning flash and parabolic dish)|
|Psychological Operations (electronic schematic symbol for loudspeaker, evocative of propaganda)|
|Reconnaissance (or cavalry; inspired by the cavalry's sabre strap)|
|Signals (simplified lightning flash, evocative of radio signals [likewise used in the radar symbol above])|
|Special Operations Forces|
|Topographical (stylised sextant)|
|Transportation (simplified wheel)|
|Unmanned Air Vehicle (Flying wing silhouette)|
Equipment icons are "frame optional".
|Equipment symbol (framed)||(unframed)||Equipment type|
|Bridge (e.g. AVLB)|
|Installation symbol||Installation type|
All the previously mentioned symbols can be used independently as well as in combinations. There are also some symbols that cannot appear by themselves, but can only be used to modify other unit symbols:
|Airborne (including Air Assault and Paratrooper forces)|
|Airmobile with organic lift|
Some of the most common combinations are:
Above the unit symbol, a symbol representing the size of the unit can be displayed::57
|Symbol||Name||Typical no. of personnel||No. of subordinate units||Typical rank of leader (Commonwealth and USA)|
|XXXXXX||Region or Theatre (very rare in peacetime)||250,000–1,000,000+||Several army groups||Commonwealth:Field Marshal
US:General of the Army
|XXXXX||Army Group (rare in peacetime)||120,000–500,000||Several armies||Commonwealth:Field Marshal
US:General of the Army
|XXXX||Army||100,000||Nominally several corps, typically 5–10 Divisions||General|
|XXX||Corps/Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF)||30,000–60,000 (USMC MEF 20,000–90,000)||Several divisions (USMC MEF—at least one Marine Division, Marine Aircraft Wing, and Marine Logistics Group)||Lieutenant General|
|XX||Division||10,000–20,000||Nominally several Brigades/Regiments (USMC), typically ~10 Manoeuvre Battalions plus support units (USMC - three or four Marine Regiments plus several combat support battalions)||Major General|
|X||Brigade/Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB)||2,000–5,000 U.S (USMC MEB 7,000–20,000), 4,000–20,000 Commonwealth||Several U.S. Battalions (USMC MEB—at least one Marine Infantry Regiment (Reinforced), Composite Marine Aircraft Group, and Marine Logistics Regiment) or 2–5 Commonwealth tactical (field) Regiments. Largest permanent grouping for Commonwealth units||Commonwealth: Brigadier
US: US Army BCT Colonel, USMC MEB Brigadier General
|III||Regiment/Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU)/Battlegroup/Group||500–2000 (USMC Marine Infantry Regiment 3200+ and MEU: 1500–3000, "standard" MEU 2200)||3–7 Battalions. (USMC MEU—a Marine Infantry Battalion (Reinforced), a Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron (Composite), and a Marine Combat Logistics Battalion)||Colonel (Group Captain in Commonwealth air force ground combat force)|
|II||Battalion or equivalent, e.g. Commonwealth Regiment (certain countries/arms only) or U.S. Cavalry Squadron (Wing in Commonwealth air force ground combat force)||300–1,000||2–6 Companies, Batteries, U.S. Troops, or Commonwealth Squadrons, etc.||Lieutenant colonel (Wing Commander in Commonwealth air force ground combat force)|
|I||Company or equivalent, e.g., Artillery Battery, Commonwealth Armoured or Cavalry Squadron & U.S. Cavalry Troop (Squadron in Commonwealth air force ground combat force)||60–250||Several U.S. Platoons or Commonwealth Platoons/Troops||Commonwealth: Major (Squadron Leader in Commonwealth air force ground combat force)
|•••||Platoon or equivalent, e.g. Commonwealth Troop (certain countries/arms only), Commonwealth air force ground combat elements Flight French Army Section||25–40||Several squads, sections, or vehicles||Commonwealth: Lieutenant or Second Lieutenant
US: Second Lieutenant
|••||Section (Commonwealth) or Squad (U.S.) [implies inherent light machine gun]||7–13||2–3 Fireteams||Commonwealth: Corporal
US: Sergeant or Staff Sergeant
|•||Crew or Patrol (implies absence of light machine gun)||5–10||1–2 Fireteams||Commonwealth: Corporal or sergeant
US: Sergeant or Staff Sergeant
|Ø||Fireteam||3–5||n/a||Commonwealth: Lance Corporal
US: Corporal or Sergeant
|ø||Fire and maneuver team U.S., Pair Commonwealth||2||n/a||n/a|
The typical commander ranks shown in the table are for illustration. Neither the actual rank designated for a particular unit's commander, nor the rank held by the incumbent commander alters the appropriate symbol. For example, units are periodically commanded by an officer junior to the authorised commander grade, yet a company under the command of a Lieutenant (U.S.) or Captain (Commonwealth) is still indicated with two vertical ticks. Likewise, some peculiar types of companies and detachments are authorised a Major, Lieutenant Colonel (personnel services companies) or Colonel (some types of judge advocate detachments); the company or detachment is nevertheless indicated with, respectively, one vertical tick or three dots.
While in Commonwealth armies, the regiment as a tactical formation does not normally exist, in some cases a regimental sized (i.e. larger than battalion and smaller than brigade) Task Force may exist where the operational requirement exists. These formations may be commanded by Colonels.
Note that, for brigades and higher, the number of Xs corresponds to the number of stars in the United States military's insignia for the typical general officer grade commanding that size unit. For example, a division is capped with XX and is usually commanded by a major general the American insignia for which is two stars.
The status of a symbol refers to whether a warfighting object exists at the location identified (i.e., status is "present") or will in the future reside at that location (i.e., status is "planned, anticipated, suspected," or "on order"). Regardless of affiliation, present status is indicated by a solid line and planned status by a dashed line. The frame is solid or dashed, unless the symbol icon is unframed, in which case the icon itself is drawn dashed. Planned status cannot be shown if the symbol is an unframed filled icon.
APP-6A stops with field AB. MIL-STD-2525B and 2525B Change 1 add a number of other modifiers.
- Echelon (field B) Identifies command level (see Unit sizes, below).
- Task Force (field D) Identifies a unit as a task force. It may be used alone or in combination with Echelon, like so:
- Frame Shape Modifier (field E) A short textual modifier that completes the affiliation, battle dimension, or exercise description of an object ("U", "?", "X", "XU", "X?", "J" or "K"). It is treated as a graphic modifier, however.
- Direction of Movement (field Q) A fixed-length arrow that identifies the direction of movement or intended movement of an object. It emanates from the symbol's centre except in the ground domain, where it is hooked to a short offset, straight down from the symbol's base centre (see diagram).
- Mobility Indicator (field R) Depicts the mobility of an object (see Mobility, below). It is used only with equipment.
- Headquarters Staff or Offset Location (field S) Identifies a unit as a headquarters, or indicates the object's actual location on the map when it has been shifted away in order to declutter the display. It goes straight down from the symbol's centre left, then angles towards the actual location (see diagram).
- Feint/Dummy (field AB) Identifies a unit intended to draw the enemy’s attention away from the area of the main attack, or a decoy designed to fool enemy intelligence. It consists of a dashed chevron, placed above the frame, like the echelon graphic modifier (the standard is unclear as to how the two combine graphically). See Feints/Dummies, below.
- Installation (field AC) Identifies a particular symbol as an installation. It sits atop the frame. See Installations, below.
- Auxiliary Equipment (field AG) Indicates the presence of a towed sonar array (used exclusively in the sea surface or subsurface battle dimensions). It sits below the frame, like field R (see Auxiliary equipment, below).
- Area of Uncertainty (field AH) Indicates the area where an object is most likely to be, based on the object’s last report and the reporting accuracy of the sensor that detected it. This can take various forms, such as an ellipse, a bounding box, or lines indicating probable bearing and distance.
- Dead Reckoning Trailer (field AI) Identifies where an object should be located at present, given its last reported course and speed. This can take the form of a dotted line (extending from the symbol to the dead-reckoned position) or a dotted circle (bounding the zone the object may have reached since, when the direction of movement is unknown or uncertain).
- Speed Leader (field AJ) Depicts the speed and direction of movement of an object. It is identical to the Direction of Movement indicator except that its length is variable (and there is no arrow head).
- Pairing Line (field AK) Connects two objects.
Feints/dummies and installations
Mobility and auxiliary equipment
|Short towed array (typ. sonar)||Long towed array (typ. sonar)|
- Quantity (field C) Identifies the number of equipment items present.
- Reinforced or Reduced (field F) Displays (+) for reinforced, (-) for reduced, (±) for reinforced and reduced.
- Staff Comments (field G)
- Additional Information (field H)
- Evaluation Rating (field J) A letter-and-number reliability and credibility rating, assigned by Intelligence.
- Combat Effectiveness (field K)
- Signature Equipment (field L) Used for hostile equipment; "!" indicates a detectable electronic signature.
- Higher Formation (field M) Number or title of higher echelon command.
- Hostile (Enemy) (field N) "ENY" denotes hostile equipment.
- IFF/SIF (field P) IFF/SIF Identification modes and codes.
- SIGINT Mobility Indicator (field R2) "M" for Mobile, "S" for Static, "U" for Uncertain.
- Unique Designation (field T)
- Type (field V)
- Date/Time Group (DTG) (field W) Indicates the symbol's date and time stamp.
- Altitude/Height/Depth (field X)
- Location (field Y) Location in degrees, minutes, and seconds (or in UTM or other applicable display format).
- Speed (field Z) Velocity as set forth in MIL-STD-6040.
- Special C2 Headquarters (field AA)
- Platform Type (field AD) "ELNOT" (Electronic Intelligence Notation) or "CENOT" (Communications Intelligence Notation)
- Equipment Teardown Time (field AE) In minutes.
- Common Identifier (field AF) Example: "Hawk" for a Hawk SAM system.
On the lower left of the unit symbol, the name of the unit can be displayed; on the lower right, the name of the unit it is part of can be displayed (if applicable).
- the symbol for Alpha Company of the (friendly) 42nd Armored Infantry Battalion would look like this:
- a hostile Motorised Anti-Tank Division would look like this:
APP-6 organization chart of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF):
APP-6A, Military Symbols for Land Based Systems was developed directly from MIL-STD-2525A, Common Warfighting Symbology. MIL-STD 2525A was the American standard for military symbols. The custodian of APP-6 is the United States. APP-6(A) remained unchanged as work on harmonizing it with ADatP-3, NATO Message Text Formatting System was carried out. In 1999, APP-6 was moved from the Army Service Board to the Joint Service Board. With this move, APP-6 was placed under the Information Exchange Requirements Harmonization/Message Text Format Working Group. The IERH/MTFWG then formed the Joint Symbology Panel to provide configuration management of APP-6 with the US custodian as the chairman. With the ratification and promulgation of APP-6(B) in 2008, the named was changed to NATO Military Symbology to better reflect the nature of the publication. In 2011, with the introduction of APP-6(C), the named was changed to NATO Joint Military Symbology. The US military required new symbols to support ongoing operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, so the pace of change between APP-6 and MIL-STD-2525 remained uneven until 2009. In 2009, a new chairman for DOD Symbology Standardization Management Committee was appointed, and the two configuration management organizations began to work together. The two organizations held joint meetings with full participation on both sides. The goal of both groups is to develop comprehensive joint military symbology that is common to both organizations to the greatest extent possible. APP-6(C) began the process of changing the format of the publications and introduced new symbol identification codes. MIL-STD-2525D has carried that one step further with more symbols and more symbol sets derived from recent NATO and US operations. MIL-STD-2525D will serve as the base document for APP-6(D) as the two documents move closer together.
- Not Just Lines on a Map: A History of Military Mapping by Andrew Hershey Strategy & Tactics Magazine 274, May–June 2012, p. 23
- NATO Map Symbol Programmed Instruction Package, by the Canadian Forces School of Military Intelligence, Jan 2000, p. 6
- Korkolis, M. (July 1986). "APP-6 Military Symbols For Land Based Symbols" (PDF).
- Thibault; Valcartier (September 2005). "Commented APP-6A - Military symbols for land based systems" (PDF).
- Department of Defense Interface Standard: Joint Military Symbology (MIL-STD-2525D) (PDF). Washington, DC: US Government (published 10 June 2014). 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to APP-6A.|
- Korean War-era map symbols at ARMY.MIL
- The map symbols as TrueType Fonts
- APP-6 - Military Symbols for Land Based Systems (1986)
- APP-6(A) - Military Symbols for Land Based Systems (1998)
- APP-6(B) - Joint Symbology (2008)
- APP-6(C) - NATO Joint Military Symbology (2011)
- MIL-STD-2525 manuals from Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA)
- FM 101-5-1/MCRP 5-2A OPERATIONAL TERMS AND GRAPHICS, dated 30 September 1997
- FM 101-5-1/MCRP 5-2A OPERATIONAL TERMS AND GRAPHICS, dated 21 September 2004
- UK Interim APP-6A Manual (zipped PDF file) Note: this document has since been replaced with Issue 1.2, dated December 2003
- Thibault, D. U.; Commented APP-6A – Military Symbols for Land Based Systems, Defence R&D Canada – Valcartier, Technical Note TN 2005-222 (2005-08-01) (cover document)