Popular in Anatomy and Physiology I
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This 5 page Class Notes was uploaded by Melanie Queener on Thursday September 17, 2015. The Class Notes belongs to Bio 3310 at Bowling Green State University taught by Dr. Ray Larsen in Fall 2015. Since its upload, it has received 42 views. For similar materials see Anatomy and Physiology I in Biology at Bowling Green State University.
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Date Created: 09/17/15
The Skull Sinuses Cavities within cranial and facial bones hear the nasal cavity Secretions produced by the mucous membranes that line the sinuses drain into the nasal cavity Serves as resonating chambers that intensify and prolong sounds Human characteristic Dentition Teeth form from the oralepithelium Masticate chew food into smaller pieces 0 Easier to swallow Exposes more surface area for action of digestive enzymes speeding chemical digestion 32 Adult teeth From midline to rear of jaw o 2 incisors cutting teeth 0 1 canine punctuate and shred o 2 premolars crushing and grinding o 3 molars broader surface for grinding o 20 deciduous teeth milk teeth 0 Develop beneath gum o Erupt from 630 months 0 Begins with incisors 0 625 years of age replaced with 32 permanent teeth Dentin hard yellowish tissue that makes up most of tooth 0 Can regenerate Cementum covers root 0 Can regenerate Enamel covers crown and neck 0 Cannot regenerate Root Canal space in a root leading to pulp cavity in the crown o Apical foramen provides entry for nerves and blood vessels Fracture and Repair Treatment 0 Reduction putting it back 0 Immobilization Biologically 0 Calcium and phosphorous needed to strengthen and harden new bone The Skull Two Parts Cranium the brain case 0 Encloses brain 0 8 bones I Frontal Bone forehead upper portion of the orbit o Begins as two bones but fuses after birth I Parietal Bones 2 bones o Anterior sides 0 Sutures o Sagittal Coronal Lambdoid and Squamous o Fontanels infant skull where sutures have not yet developed I Temporal Bones 2 bones 0 Squamous Region 0 Zygomatic process helps to form cheekbones o Tympanic Region external auditory canal meatus 0 Styloid process pointy region towards the bottom of the temporal bone 0 Provides attachment for jaw muscles 0 Mastoid lump where muscles attach for head turning o Males have much larger lump 0 Petrous region wing region 0 Supports the brain 0 Carotid Canal artery for blood to enter brain 0 J ugular Foreman blood comes down from brain I Occipital Lobe posterior side 0 Foreman Magnum hole for spinal cord 0 Occipital Condyles knobs resting on spinal column I Articulates with vertebral column 0 Hypoglosal Canal transmits hypoglossal nerve CN X11 0 Much larger in humans than in primates o Operates tongue movement 0 External occipital protuberace for nuchal ligament 0 Moving head back 0 Superior and inferior nuchal lines for neck muscle attachment I Spheniod Bone looks like a moth o Helps hold frontal lobe 0 Sella Turcica pituitary gland is housed 0 Sphenoid Sinus 0 Lesser Wing optic canaloptic nerve o Foramina o Optic canal o Foreman ovale I Mandibular nerve o Foreman spinosum I Middle meningial artery and vein 0 Meninge blood supply I Ethmoid Bone 0 Only a small portion is cranial o Crista galli finlike structure for CT to attach I Connective tissue separate right and left hemisphere 0 Cribriform Plate Olfactory nerve passes through 0 Primarily Facial 0 Superior and middle nasal conchae o Nasal Septum superior portion 0 Nasal Labyrinth warms and moistens air 0 Orbital plates Viscerocranium Facial 14 bones o No direct contact With the brain 0 Provides I Facial shape I Hold teeth I Orbit and nasal cavity I Attachment of facial muscles 0 Communication via facial movement and chewing o Maxilla Bones I Upper jaw I 23 of palate I Incisive foreman 0 Behind incisors I Inferomedial orbit I Intermaxillary suture o Palatine Bones 2 bones I Posterior potion of hard palate I Part of lateral nasal cavity wall I Orbital oor I Forms the choanae o Tunnel nasal opening back of throat OOO Orbit 7 bones O O O O Zygomatic Bone Cheekbones and part of each lateral orbital wall Temporal process and zygomatic process of temporal bone Lacrimal Nasal Inferior Nasal Concha inside nose Vomer Provides a shelf Makes boney part of nasal septum Thin bone Mandible Mental symphysis ossifies early Strongest bone in skull Only skull bone With motion Mandibular condyle that articulates With temporal bone 0 Temporomandibular joint Coronoid process for temporalis muscles 0 Large muscle from upper brain 0 Enforces jaw strength Optic canal Superior orbital fissure large supply of nerves Inferior orbital fissure blood supply Lacrimal groove allows lacrimal duct to nerve access to nasal passages Drainage Bone Formation Bone Growth Growth in Length The growth of cartilage of epiphyseal plate 0 Chondrocytes hyaline cartilage Replacement of cartilage by bone tissue in epiphyseal plate Achondroplastic Dwarfism 0 Failure of metaphyseal chondrocyte division Defective fibroblast growth factor receptor FGFR3 Autosomal dominant 125 000 Homozygous lethal Spontaneous mutation older male parents OOOOO Head and trunk develop normally limbs are stunted I Long bones don t grow 0 No effective treatment In Dogs I Failure of metaphysial chondrocyte multiplication I Defective fibroblast receptor 4 FGFR4 I Autosomal recessive Bone Growth Regulation Childhood the hormones important to bone growth are insulinlike growth factors produce by the liver 0 IGFs stimulates osteoblasts promote cell division at epiphyseal plate and enhance protein synthesis Thyroid hormones promote bone growth osteoblast Insulin stimulates collagen production Estrogen and testosterone causes growth spurt Changes in females widen hips OOOOO Ultimately shut down growth at epiphyseal plate I Anabolic steroid hasten process 0 Women hit growth spurts sooner but it s doesn t last as long as men Growth in Thickness Bones grow in thickness at the outer surface Remodeling Old bone is continually destroyed and new bone is formed in its place throughout an individual s life
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