Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, pseudonym Witkacy, (born February 24, 1885, Warsaw, Poland, Russian Empire [now in Poland]—died September 18, 1939, Jeziory, Poland [now in Ukraine]), Polish painter, novelist, and playwright, well known as a dramatist in the period between the two world wars.
After studying at the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków, Witkiewicz traveled in Germany, France, and Italy. In 1914 he left for Australia as the artist and photographer of an anthropological expedition led by Bronisław Malinowski. Three years later, as a reserve officer in the Russian Army, Witkiewicz witnessed the Russian Revolution. In 1918 he settled at a provincial cultural centre, Zakopane, at the foot of the Tatra Mountains. He committed suicide at the beginning of World War II.
Witkiewicz’s plays anticipated the Theatre of the Absurd of Eugène Ionesco and Samuel Beckett in their deliberately contorted characters and plots and their use of grotesque parody. Rapid tempos, warped time juxtapositions, and catastrophic incidents are combined with an original and symbolic use of language in such plays as Kurka wodna (1921; The Water Hen) and Wariat i zakonnica (1925; The Madman and the Nun).
Witkiewicz’s works began to be revived in Poland and the West in the 1950s and were a perennial feature of Polish and foreign theatrical repertoires. Some of his plays were published in English translation in The Witkiewicz Reader (1992). His novel Nienasycenie (1930; Insatiability) projected a vision of cruel totalitarianism gaining control over nations and individual destinies. A number of his expressionistic paintings survive, and they form part of many museum collections in Poland and abroad.