Surrealist art is the realm of dreams, the imagination and the absurd. Continue reading to learn more about the wonderful world of Surrealism.
The Surrealist movement emerged in the 1920s and found expression in the visual arts, literature, theatre and film. Surrealist art is well represented in the collection of Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen with masterpieces by Dalí, Magritte and Delvaux bursting with strange images and objects.
The term ‘surrealism’ was coined in 1917 by the French writer Guillaume Appollinaire (Rome 1880 - Parijs 1918). He used the word to describe something that rose above reality, something that was ‘surreal’. The Paris surrealist artists created a reality in their work which could not actually exist except in dreams and in the realm of imagination. Surrealism had considerable influence in Europe, and many artists moved to Paris: Max Ernst from Germany, Salvador Dalí from Spain. Artists produced surrealist work in various countries, such as René Magritte and later Paul Delvaux in Belgium, and Giorgio de Chirico in Italy.
Paul Delvaux (1973)
On the couch with Freud
An important source of inspiration for Surrealism was the Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud developed psychoanalysis - the theory of the human subconscious - in the early 20th century. Freud believed that man’s behaviour was to a large degree driven by subconscious and irrational urges.
The French writer André Breton (1896-1966), the founder of Surrealism, became acquainted with Freud’s theories when he worked as an assistant in a psychiatric hospital during the First World War. Breton thought society had to be freed from reason, logic and a middle-class mentality. Exposing man’s suppressed urges would free his tormented mind. Freud’s theories were the starting point of Breton’s 1924 ‘Manifeste du Surrealisme’, which spawned an entire movement.
The founder of the Surrealist movement was the French author André Breton. In 1924 he wrote the ‘Manifeste du Surrealisme’ in 1924, in which he laid out his ideas about Surrealism in relationship to art and society. He believed Surrealism to be a method for discovering one’s true thoughts and expressing them in words or images. To accomplish this the subconscious needs to be explored. Dreams, childhood and insanity play an important part.
He also described his methods of exploring the subconscious using art. For example, impulses from the subconscious could be transferred directly to paper using the method of ‘écriture automatique’ or automatic writing. This could be done, for example, by drawing when half asleep or under the influence of alcohol and drugs. Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen’s library contains a copy of Breton’s influential manifesto.
Surrealism in Rotterdam
In 1965, ‘The Pair’ by Max Ernst and ‘On the Threshold of Freedom’ by René Magritte were acquired for the collection of Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen. Since then, the collection of Surrealist art has grown considerably. The major acquisitions were made in the period of 1977 and 1979.
Twelve works by Magritte and Dalí were acquired from the collection of Edward James (West Dean 1907 – San Remo 1984), a poet who had also been the benefactor of the two artists in the 1930s. The works of the Surrealists became one of the most important pillars of the museum's collection.
Did you know that the museum’s emphasis on Surrealism was due to the passionate interest of Renilde Hammacher, the museum’s first curator of modern art?
And the museum still collects Surrealism. It acquired the world famous ‘Mae West Lips Sofa’ by Salvador Dalí in 2005, ‘Landscape with Pink Clouds’ by Yves Tanguy in 2007 and a ‘Shadow Box’ by Joseph Cornell in 2009. The most recent Surrealist acquisition is ‘Le Miroir Vivant’, an early painting by René Magritte, which was purchased in 2016.
Surrealism in Rotterdam
Dalí in Rotterdam
An Belgian Surrealist
Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen owns no less than fifteen paintings by the Belgian surrealist René Magritte. Magritte wanted to show the ‘mystery of the everyday’. By divorcing things from their daily surroundings, that mystery could be revealed. Magritte wanted to achieve this without the spectator rejecting the painting as an improbable figment of the imagination. For every object he searched for a second image element that had a hidden relationship to it.
‘The Red Model III’ shows a pair of bare feet which transform into shoes. The feet and the shoes are thus placed in a strange light.
The Surrealists expressed their vision on art and society in various publications and magazines. The first issue of the magazine La Révolution Surréaliste appeared at the end of 1924. On the first page of the first issue there was a photograph of an unrecognisable object, wrapped in rags, a work by Man Ray. A reconstruction of this same object is part of the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen collection. The title ‘The Enigma of Isidore Ducasse’ refers to the book ‘Les Chants de Maldoror’ that Ducasse wrote under the pseudonym Le Comte de Lautréamont.
During the 1930s, the magazine Minotaure became the surrealists’ most important vehicle. The magazine, edited by André Breton and sponsored by the wealthy Edward James, drew attention to as - op dat moment - yet unknown artists such as Hans Bellmer, Paul Delvaux and Alberto Giacometti.
Edward James was a rich English aristocrat and a Surrealist poet. In the 1930s, he supported both Magritte and Dalí by purchasing work from them. Magritte based 'Not to be Reproduced' on a photograph he made of Edward James looking at the painting 'On the threshold of freedom'.