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12 Class Cbse Covalent compound
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The whole inorganic compound is divided into three parts
(1) common salt
(1) Common salt :- Common salt contains one type of cation and only one type of salt.
(2) Double salt :- The product formed from two simple salts is called double salt.
(3) Covalent compound / packaged salt / complex salt
A product made from the combination of two or more compounds which retains its special identity in solid state and maintains its special identity in aqueous solution is called complex salt.
=> Complex salt does not split in all its head lines in aqueous solution hence it is also called complex salt
Composition of complex salts
The outer part of the large bracket –
The inside part of the big bracket –
(1) The metal atom present inside the coordination system in complex salts is called the central metal atom and the metal atom O present with this metal atom is called ligand.
(2) The number of vacant orbitals equal to the number of ligands are present near the central metal atom of a complex salt.
In these vacant orbitals, ligands donate their lone pairs to form covalent bonds, that is why complex salts are called covalent compounds.
(3) In covalent compounds, ligand acts as Lewis base and central metal atom as Lewis acid, hence these compounds are called complex salts.
Q-1 Write the difference between double salt and complex salt?
Central metal atom
=> The metal atom or ion present in the complex compound with which the ligands are attached by forming covalent bonds is called the central metal atom.=> Common transition metal as central metal atom or ion
(1) These metals are small in size
Covalent compound 12th class 2021
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|Ligand :- Those atoms or group of atoms which have the ability to provide lone pair are called ligands.
Classification of ligands :- Ligandos are divided into the following parts on the basis of the number of donor atoms
(A) Monodentate Ligand :- Those ligands which contain one donor atom and tend to donate a lone pair are called monodentate ligands.
There are 2 types of monomeric ligands.
(1) Negatively charged monotonic ligand :- In the name of these ligands, “O” is put at the end
(1.1) The negatively charged monodentate ligand is also divided into 2 parts
(1.1.1) -1 charge negatively charged monomeric ligands
negatively charged monomeric ligands with -2 charge
(1.1.2) Neutral monotonic ligand
(B) Binocular Legend
Those ligands which are capable of donating two lone pairs are called double dentate ligands.
(C) Multiple dentate ligands
Those ligands which tend to donate more than 2 lone pairs and in which more than 2 donor atoms are present are called multiple dentate ligands.
(D) Common dentate ligands
A dentate ligand which can bind to the central metal atom with two different donor atoms is called emergent dentate ligand.
=> The oxidation number of the first class is +1
IUPAC Nomenclature of Covalent Compounds :- COMMIN SOON
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