Playback equalization for 78 rpm shellacs and early 33⅓ LPs
|This page serves as a library of additional EQ curves for old disc recordings that can be used in the Equalization effect in current Audacity.
The audio on almost every phonograph record is not the same as that originally performed. For technical reasons the signal's frequencies need to be modified when cutting the disc. Playback equalization (EQ or de-emphasis) is necessary to restore the signal's original frequencies. Only thus can music lovers enjoy the original sound of the music performed long ago from their rare discs.
- 1 Usage
- 2 Equalization (EQ) Curves explained
- 3 EQ Curves
- 4 Acoustic recordings and Broadcast Transcription Discs
- 5 78 rpm shellac labels and their EQ
- 6 Early 33⅓ LP labels and their EQ
- 7 Sources, links and reading references
The most relevant EQ curves are presented as Table 1:
- You can download some of them from the EQ Curves Library section and import them into Audacity using
- You can generate any curve yourself with the 78 rpm EQ Curve Generator plugin
- You can set the sliders of any digital or analog graphic equalizer manually
- You can determine appropriate settings for any adjustable analog pre-amplifier.
Which EQ curve will be needed for a specific record label is answered:
Equalization (EQ) Curves explained
When phonograph records are made, the sound being recorded is deliberately distorted by reducing the volume of the low frequencies and increasing the volume of the high frequencies. This process, known as 'pre-emphasis', allows the low frequencies to be accommodated in the limitations of the record groove and reduces the effect of high frequency surface noise. If pre-emphasis was not carried out, the bass notes in the music would create a groove in the record that oscillated so wildly that the stylus could jump out of it on playback, and the treble notes would be drowned out by the surface noise of the stylus in the groove.
On playback, the pre-emphasis must be reversed in order to restore the original sound. This is known as 'de-emphasis' or equalization (EQ).
Modern vinyl records use a method of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis adopted by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in the 1950's, and the EQ curve used is known as the RIAA curve. However, before the RIAA curve was adopted, each record label used its own EQ curve for recording and, for these records (78rpm and early vinyl), the correct EQ curve must be used for playback.
Each EQ curve is a combination of two filter characteristics; a bass boost curve, defined by a 'Bass Turnover' (or 3dB) frequency, and a treble cut curve, defined by a '10 kHz Gain Roll-off' parameter, i.e. a defined level of treble cut at 10 kHz.
As an example, Figure 1 below shows the characteristic of the bass boost curve defined by a 500Hz Bass Turnover, and Figure 2 shows the characteristic of the treble cut curve defined by a 10 kHz Gain Roll-off of -13.7dB. These two curves, when combined, give the characteristic shown in Figure 3.
Figure 1. Bass Boost curve: 3dB at 500 Hz
Figure 2. Treble Cut curve: -13.7 dB at 10 kHz
Figure 3. Combined Bass Boost and Treble Cut curve
The EQ curve may also include a Low Frequency Shelving filter, (although it is absent from the definition of most 78 rpm EQ curves). This addition reduces the effect of the bass boost at very low frequencies (typically 50 or 100 Hz) in order to attenuate low-frequency noise such as turntable rumble. Figure 4 shows the effect of a 50 Hz LF shelving filter being added to the curve in Figure 3. This is in fact the RIAA standard EQ curve.
Figure 4. Combined Bass Boost, Treble Cut and 50 Hz LF Shelving curve
Acoustically recorded (pre-electric) 78 rpm records have a completely different characteristic because they were cut with a different type of cutter (For more details see: Acoustic recordings). In some early EQ curves of electrically recorded shellacs, while there is a bass boost curve, there is no treble cut necessary – i.e. the 10 kHz gain roll-off is zero.
Note that in the combined EQ curve, the gains at the Bass Turnover frequency and at 10 kHz may be different from those specified by the parameters. This is not an error, but is due to fact that the gains of the bass boost and treble cut curves are simply added together.
Because 78 rpm EQ curves were non-standard and, in many cases, accurate records were not kept to show what EQ curves were used when recording 78s, there is a degree of uncertainty about what is the correct playback EQ for many record labels. The tables below have been obtained from websites which, in their turn, have compiled data from a number of sources and should prove reasonably accurate. However, the ear of the listener is the final arbiter - if it doesn't sound right, it isn't right!
According to NAB standards, the nominal speed of a 78 rpm record is precisely 78.26 rpm +/- 0.3% (for North America and other countries with an utility frequency of 60 Hz). According to British Standards Institution it is 77.92 rpm +/- 0.5% (for Britain, Europe and other countries with a mains frequency of 50 Hz).
Pre-equalization of most records – especially of shellacs – was always determined by the cutter head used and often by internal regulations of the record company. Both left quite some room for the recording engineer to make changes to improve the sound. Also if Graumann uses 250 Hz in playback of an EMI disc and Copeland votes for 300 Hz this is not a contradiction. Both mean the same EQ curve but have different opinions on what sounds best. This should encourage you to try both versions and take the one which sounds right to your ears.
Please do not worry about fractions of a dB! Still in the 1960s an accuracy of a curve of +/- 2 dB was considered to be standard. In the 1950s +/- 3 dB were a very fine result and nobody will ever know if recording engineers in the 1940s or 1930s applied their curves correctly (or if they applied them at all!) So the spread in pre-equalization during recording will outnumber any bias in playback equalization by far.
Table of EQ Curves
The most relevant EQ curves are presented in table 1. All curves are described from the point of view of a playback or de-emphasis curve, where bass / low frequencies must be amplified / boosted and where treble / high frequencies must be attenuated / cut in order to achieve the original sound that had been recorded. The corresponding pre-emphasis curve used for cutting the master disk is inverse.
When comparing with lists provided by the manufacturers of equalizer pre-amps it should be considered that those may be misleading, as they might not quote the correct parameters of the curve but rather the next-best possible settings of these devices. For example the Conductart OWL 1 Sound Restoration Module – a renowned pre-amp of the 1980s – offered settings of flat/ 250/ 375/ 500/ 750/ 1000/ RIAA for turnover and flat/ 5/ 8.5/ 12/ 14/ 16/ RIAA for roll-off. Thus for the widely used standard “AES 400N-12” settings of 375 Hz and -12 dB were listed; for the “Bartok 629C-16” curve it was 750 Hz and -16 dB and for “LONDON LP 500C-10.5” it was 500 Hz and -8.5 dB. These recommendations were quoted or copied by other authors and three “new characteristics” had come to existence.
Table 1 gives the three parameters to characterize any EQ curve: the turnover frequency f1 for bass shelf, f2 for bass boost and f3 for treble cut (or alternatively the three corresponding time constants τ1, τ2 and τ3). These are the necessary conditions to compute and plot any EQ curve, determine the correct settings of a digital equalizer or to solder an electronic filter circuit.
The gain at two typical frequencies will give you a rough impression of what the curve does to the audio from the record. The frequencies are:
- 50 Hz, where usually the bass shelf becomes effective
- 10 kHz, because the treble curve is often indicated by roll-off at 10,000 Hz
The very descriptive “code” is a good tool to avoid misunderstanding when EQ curves come under various alias names (what they do too often).
- The first 3-digit number indicates the turnover frequency of bass boost (f2)
- The letter in the middle is
- N … (“None”) if no bass shelving is applied, or
- R … 20 dB (named R after RCA or RIAA)
- B … 18 dB
- A … 16 dB
- C … 14 dB (named C after Columbia LP curve)
- X … 12 dB
- The last number shows the reduction or roll-off of treble at 10 kHz and is always preceded by a minus sign. Please mind that this is only a code and that the exact value – after normalization to 0 dB at 1000 Hz – might be different.
This code can be used to find the correct settings of most equalizer pre-amps.
(Example: “RIAA 500R-13.7” means for the RIAA curve that bass must be boosted below 500 Hz, but no more than + 20 dB and that treble must be cut at 10,000 Hz to – 13.7 dB)
The geographic region and the time period are added to allow a qualified guess for the required EQ should a record label not be listed. In general, American recording curves were more deliberate in cutting bass and boosting treble. The British and Europeans tended to apply only the necessary minimum of bass attenuation and often no treble boost at all, that means they had a “flat” treble curve. Early pre-emphasis curves were simply built and rather soft. In the late years (after 1945) curves became highly sophisticated, with the third turnover frequency f1 added to manage the bass shelving and also with gain ranging from -20 dB to + 20dB.
Table 1: Playback Equalization Curves
|Region||Timeperiod||Curve Name, alias names||Time constants||Turnover frequencies||Bass shelf||Bass boost||Treble cut||Code|
|τ1 [μs]||τ2 [μs]||τ3 [μs]||f1 [Hz]||f2 [Hz]||f3 [Hz]||[dB]|| @ 50Hz
|Normal Groove, 78 rpm|
|Eur., Brit.||1926 - 1946||"European 78", Old Europ.,250,EMI 78||636||250 ||+ 14,4||0 (flat)||250N-0|
|Eur., Brit.||1927 - 1946||"Blumlein 300"||531||300 ||+ 16||0 (flat)||300N-0|
|Brit., Amer.||1926 - 1950||"500-FLAT", Blumlein500, Europ.500||318||500||+ 19||0 (flat)||500N-0|
|America||1926 - 1951||"American 78"||636||250||5900*||+ 14||- 6||250N-6|
|America||1926 - 1951||"American 78"||636||250||4400*||+ 14||- 8||250N-8|
|Amer.(CBS)||1938 - 1948||"Columbia 78"||530||100||300||1592||+ 16,7||- 15,0||300N-16|
|Amer.(RCA)||1941 - 1947||"Old RCA" ||199||36,7||800||4340||+ 22,2||-9,9||800N-8|
|Eur., Brit.||1944 - 1956||"DECCA 78", FFRR 78, London ffrr 78||531||25||300 ||6366||+ 15,4||- 5,7||300N-5.5|
|Germany||1952 - 1955||"CCIR 78", Recomm. No.134 (1953) ||450||50||354||3183||+ 17,0||- 10,5||350N-10.5|
|Eur., Brit.||1955 - end||"IEC N78" = "B.S.1928" for N78 only||3180||450||50||50||354||3183||+ 16||+ 14,0||- 10,5||350A-10.5|
|Microgroove, 33⅓ and 45 rpm|
|America||1942 - 1949||NAB (broadcast transcriptions, 1942)||318||100||500||1592||+ 20,5||- 15,6||500N-16|
|America||6/1948 - 1956||"Columbia LP", Col. M33, "LP" ||1590||318||100||100||500||1592||+ 14,5||+ 13,6||- 15,5||500C-16|
|America||4/1949 - 1958||"NAB", NARTB (standard 1949) ||3180||318||100||50||500||1592||+ 20||+ 17,5||- 15,6||500"B"-16|
|America||1/1951 - 1958||"AES" (standard 1951)||398||63,7||400||2500||+ 18,1||- 12,3||400N-12.3|
|Amer.(RCA)||1947 - 8/1952||"RCA 45" (45 rpm) ||200||75||796||2122||+ 22,6||- 13.7||800N-13.7|
|Amer.(RCA)||1947 - 8/1952||"RCA Old Orthophonic" (33⅓ LPs) ||318||75||500||2122||+ 19,7||- 13.7||500N-13.7|
|Amer.(RCA)||8/1952 - pres.||"RCA New Orthophonic"||3180||318||75||50,05||500,5||2122||+ 19,5||+ 16,9||- 13,7||500R-13.7|
|Amer. (all)||ca.1956 - pres.||= "RIAA" (US-standard since 1955)|
|Europe||ca.1962 - pres.||= IEC No.98 (1955) = B.S.1928 (1955)|
|Amer., Brit.||1949 - 1956||"LONDON LP" ||1590||318||50||100||500||3183||+ 13,8||+ 12,5||- 10,9||500C-10.5|
|Germany||1955 - 1962(?)||TELDEC (as proposed 1957 for DIN)||3180||318||50||50||500||3183||+ 19,3||+ 16,5||- 10,9||500R-11|
- Table 1 is mostly based on Tab. 2a of: Heinz O. Graumann, Schallplatten-Schneidkennlinien und ihre Entzerrung, in: FUNKSCHAU 1958 / Heft 15, pp 359 ff
- * computed frequencies to get 6 or 8 dB @ 10 kHz
-  CCIR used by Deutsche Grammophon modified with 50 Hz bass shelving => IEC N78 [Brice]
-  Used by British Decca and for London releases in US and UK, mostly M33
-  Gary A. Galo, The Columbia LP Equalization Curve, ARSC conference March 2008; Gary A. Galo, Disc Recording Equalization Demystified, in ARSC Journal Fall 1996
-  Old RCA is one of the original RCA curves for shellacs. It continued to be used for 33⅓ LPs by RCA-Victor, Brunswick, Concert Hall, Coral, Decca (Amer.) and Westminster. The turnover f3 and the time constants are computed values for an equalizer set at 800N-8. (This EQ was added in January 2017 in response to a Wiki user's request.)
-  250 Hz or 300 Hz seem to be a question of personal listening preference, as explained in Individual fine tuning
-  Robert C. Moyer, Evolution of a Recording Curve; in: Audio Engineering, vol.37, no.7, July 1953; pp 19-22, 53-54. Roll-off is frequently listed as between 10 and 12 dB, but this “flattening off” to ca 10 dB at 10 kHz was an intentional high cut which must not be compensated for in playback. Thus a setting of 13.7 dB is correct!
78 rpm EQ Curve Generator
EQ Curves for Audacity can be generated from these Frequency and Roll-off values using the experimental Nyquist plug-in "78 RPM EQ Curve Generator". This plug-in is obtainable from the top of this Forum topic and requires Audacity 1.3.13 or later. Please give feedback on this plug-in, or ask for help if you need it, by replying to that Forum topic.
- Extract 78EQCurveGen.ny from the zip file downloaded from the above Forum topic.
- Place 78EQCurveGen.ny in the "Plug-Ins" folder inside the Audacity installation folder, then launch or restart Audacity. For more help installing the .ny file to the correct location, click here.
- Click . You can find help inside the plug-in by choosing one of the Help options in "Select Function or Help".
- Choose the curve you want from one of the lists.
- Enter the values for your chosen curve for
- "Bass Turnover Frequency (Hz)"
- "10 kHz Gain Roll-off (dB)"
- "LF Shelving Frequency (Hz)" (if a value is given)
in the equivalent boxes in the plug-in dialog.
- Click "OK" in the plug-in to save the .xml file to your chosen location.
- Select some audio and choose .
- Choose "Save/Manage Curves...".
- Choose "Import...", navigate to the location where you saved the .xml file from 78EQCurveGen.ny, then "Open".
- Click "OK".
EQ Curves Library
Here you can find some useful EQ curves for download to Audacity for use in here.. How to get an EQ curve from this Wiki and add it to your Audacity’s Equalization effect is explained
- EQ toolbox for 78 rpm shellacs contains the following nine EQ curves which can be downloaded individually as well.
- 500-FLAT 500N-0: used by British Columbia, EMI, His Master’s Voice, MGM and Parlophone between 1931 and 1953. Later releases have modified treble.
- American 78 – 250N-6/250N-8: Common setting for many American shellacs. This curve here is a compromise between both varieties with -7 dB roll-off.
- BBC 2dB/octave: used by smaller British labels (Aco, Broadcast, Linguaphone, Vocalion, …) from 1926 to 1933, which had their recordings mastered by BBC with the Marconi system.
- Blumlein300 - 300N-0: A British traditional for Gramophone Company, Decca, Columbia and EMI (1930s – 1944).
- Columbia 78 – 300N-16 is the right one for American CBS-Columbia shellacs (1938 - 1948).
- Decca 78 – 300N-5.5: For Decca and London shellacs featuring the ffrr (full frequency range recording) system. Here in the version of Copeland/The British Library Sound Archive.
- European 78 - 250N-0 is a common setting for European shellacs (1926 – ca. 1944), especially for Columbia and His Master’s Voice produced by EMI (UK), Cetra and Cetra-Soria.
- Telefunken 400N-0: used by European Ultraphon, Supraphon and Turicaphon from 1929. Also used by Telefunken – after the takeover of Ultraphon – until mid 1950s.
- Western Electric: Very early Columbia and Victor recordings (1926) used a bass turnover frequency of 250 or 300 Hz but their treble is described as “flat”. The perceived treble amplification was possibly only the result of resonant peaks of the early Western Electric condenser microphones used in recording. The above download is an experimental replay EQ curve for this microphone / pre-emphasis combination. Additional background information is given in this PDF.
- EQ toolbox for pre-RIAA 33⅓ LPs contains the following six EQ curves which can be downloaded individually as well.
- AES – 400N-12.3: Intended by AES (Audio Engineering Society) as a replay standard for many American shellacs of the 1930s and 1940s. Also used by many record producers as a recording curve for N78 and M33 between 1951 and 1958. Also to replay Capitol and Capitol-Cetra recordings with “Capitol curve” 400N-12.7 (1951 – 1955).
- Columbia LP – 500C-16: For Columbia and many other labels, mostly 33⅓ LPs (M33).
- London LP – 500C-10.5: Used for British Decca and for London / Decca releases in the US featuring the ffrr (full frequency range recording) system. Mostly 33⅓ LPs (1949 – 1956). Here is the most likely of some slightly different versions which have been published.
- NAB – 500B-16: A widely adopted standard of NAB / NARTB (National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters) requiring ca. 6 dB more bass boost than Columbia LP.
- RCA 45 – 800N-13.7: RCA’s curve for their 45 rpm discs (1949 – August 1952). Possibly identical with Technichord’s “Technichord curve” 800N-12 already used since 1938 for their 78s. (Updated March 2017)
- RCA New Orthophonic – 500R-13.7, identical with RIAA: not in this library because it is already one of the standard curves of Audacity’s Equalization tool.
- RCA Old Orthophonic – 500N-13.7: RCA’s curve for 33⅓ LPs (1950 – August 1952) and for LPs mastered by RCA for other labels. Possibly identical with “MGM curve” 500N-12 used by MGM. (Updated March 2017)
All these curves are suited for Audacity 2.1.2.
Individual fine tuning
In some cases it will be not enough to apply the correct EQ to get the desired result. According to the condition of the record and to personal listening preferences you might consider one of the following methods:
- The 250-or-300-Hz dilemma: To use “European250” or “Blumlein300” EQ seems to be not a question of right or wrong but of personal listening preferences. In general, Continental European authors prefer 250 Hz (derived from the original Western Electric recommendation) for Decca (Brit. and Europ.), Brunswick, Cetra, Columbia (Brit.), EMI-HMV and Parlophone. Englishman Copeland favors 300 Hz (derived from the recording characteristic of the Blumlein cutter) for British EMI, His Master’s Voice and Columbia and also for Odeon. Copeland puts it like this: “[…] but when I’m not sure I use 300 Hz.” [Copeland, Manual, p 129]. Being derived from the previous 250-or-300-Hz curve the same applies to “DECCA78” which was used from 1944 for shellacs with the ffrr system. So you should also feel free to decide the 250-or-300-Hz question according to your own listening preference: 300 Hz will give an extra amplification of bass in play back (ca 1.5 dB at 50 Hz).
- To remove low frequency noise Robinson (MidiMagic) recommends a low cut filter at 100 Hz with just 6 dB/octave. (Especially for many acoustic recordings which have only noise below 150 Hz or for the “long-playing” shellacs of RCA Victor of 1931/32). This filter will do exactly the same as the “C”-type bass shelf of Columbia LP curve.
- Vadlyd uses a variable low cut filter for American Victor, early British Decca, EMI, His Master’s Voice and Columbia at frequencies between 40 and 70 Hz. This is very similar to the recommendation of Phonomuseum.org. In Audacity you can experiment with different settings for “Frequency” and “Roll-off” in (a different word for Low Cut Filter) and listen to the result with “Preview”.
- All bass shelf settings on analog equalizers (R-B-A-C-X) can also be used to remove low frequency noise (especially from acoustics and early shellacs). This is why the extra positions X and A were provided [MidiMagic]
- A known trick of recording engineers was to increase bass t/o frequency on very long recordings. Thus bass attenuation was increased and bass amplitude and necessary groove width were reduced. So the given duration of the audio could be squeezed into the given space on the disc. If a disc is filled with grooves as can be a higher bass turnover frequency can be necessary to restore the original sound. Example: Colosseum [ES]
- To improve the weak bass on some 45s (especially on EPs – Extended Play) Esoteric Sound uses a higher turnover frequency for bass in replay than in pre-equalization. For example 700 Hz instead of the “correct” 500 Hz. This will give a smooth, extra bass amplification of roughly 4 dB at 50 Hz.
- To reduce surface noise of early American Columbia, Victor and RCA-Victor iasa recommends an additional high cut (= low pass) filter set to 5500 or 5200 Hz with 6 dB/octave. This will reduce treble by 3 dB at around 5000 Hz and by 9 dB at 10000 Hz – and hopefully most of the noise.
Remarks for Analog Purists
- Hiss and high frequency scratch due to old worn records:
When digitizing such recordings Audacity’swill do a good job to improve the sound once and for all. Those who prefer entirely analog replay with an adjustable pre-amplifier will have the opportunity to improve the sound every time they replay. They can cut / attenuate the frequency range most affected by the noise. A higher value for roll-off at 10 kHz than the “correct” EQ will usually give a better result than a simple treble filter – but: at the expense of the high frequencies of the audio itself.
- Dull, lifeless sound:
If you improve poor bass on discs of any speed by choosing a higher bass turnover frequency than the “correct” EQ, there will be the welcome side effect of moderately amplifying midrange frequencies. This will bring life to the core octaves of a piece of music by improving instrument and vocal characteristics.
- The primary thing YOU can do to improve this page is to share your knowledge about EQ curves and their usage with us. If you have reliable information which record label used which recording curve, please do let us know!
- Please let us have YOUR feedback on this page! What did work well – and what didn’t? What was easy to adopt – and what was confusing?
Acoustic recordings and Broadcast Transcription Discs
Acoustic recordings (before 1926) are beyond the scope of this page. In these pioneer years speeds varied from 70 to 90 rpm, groove modulation could be lateral, vertical or diagonal and some records were even cut outward with the audio starting at the center. A special turntable and a range of styli / needles are needed to replay.
All acoustics were recorded without any pre-equalization, simply because a modification of the audio was impossible before electric microphones and amplifiers came into use. Nonetheless there are conflicting opinions as to the result:
According to various authors the acoustical recording process had an "inherent mechanical equalization", which results – within the limited frequency range of approx. 150 to 4000 Hz – in a constant velocity characteristic one would only expect from a magnetic cutter. With a magnetic cartridge this would command to be replayed “flat”. Please note that the acoustical recording characteristic is not equalized at all.
According to Robinson an acoustical recording must have a constant-amplitude characteristic which will be correctly reproduced by playing back with a gramophone needle or a piezoelectric crystal pickup. A magnetic cartridge will – by its constant velocity characteristic – double the amplitude whenever the frequency doubles. To compensate for the magnetic pickup MidiMagic recommends an “800N-16” EQ curve, which comes close to the theoretical characteristic of a constant velocity device. Some more information is here on record labels and on technical background. Please note that the acoustical recording characteristic is not equalized at all.
Kolkowski’s results of a reenactment of an acoustic recording session show that bass needs heavy equalization if the losses in the recording horn (here below 400 Hz) shall be compensated for. Parametric equalization may be used at resonant frequencies. Treble should be amplified (!) to compensate for the high-frequency roll-off of the recorder. Due to the individual properties (defects) of recording horns and recorders there will be no “general characteristic” of acoustics and therefore no general EQ.
Broadcast Transcription Discs are not in the focus of this page either. Those were recordable lacquer discs, mostly 16 inch in diameter, played at 33⅓ or 78 rpm. They were professionally used by radio broadcasters. Some more information is in this PDF.
In America many of these discs were recorded under the standard of the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) of 1942. The very same recording curve had been used by NBC under the name “Orthacoustic” since mid 1930s. This “NAB Transcription (1942)” playback EQ setting can be downloaded here.
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) used a rather exotic curve as a house standard. The version in use after 1949 has been reconstructed from Longford-Smith’s publication of 1952 as an Audacity EQ setting “BBC Transcription (1949)” and can be downloaded here.
78 rpm shellac labels and their EQ
This page is about electrical recordings since 1925 on 78 rpm discs made of shellac! The invention of the Electrical Recording System by Bell Laboratories / Western Electric which was licensed to industry leaders Columbia Records and Victor set some de-facto standards: speed is always 78 rpm, cut is always lateral (same as later mono LPs) and the groove type is always Normal Groove (also named coarse groove). Therefore shellacs are sometimes referred to as N78 (which stands for normal groove discs, played at 78 rpm).
A turntable capable of 78 rpm will be useful. You will need a MONO stylus with 2.5 mil (64 μm), for early electricals possibly one with 3 mil (76 μm) and this Audacity Wiki!
It is assumed that you replay your discs “flat” (without any analog de-equalization) and apply the necessary EQ after digitizing with Audacity. If it is necessary to play the record through a system that applies modern RIAA equalization, select the "RIAA" curve in Audacity's Equalization effect and use the button to invert and thus remove the incorrect RIAA equalization before applying the appropriate equalization to the recording.
In case sources did not agree on one EQ curve, their different opinions are listed and you will have to trust your ears.
Table 2: 78 rpm Shellac Labels and Their EQ
|Label||Remarks||Curve Name||Code|| turnover
| treble roll-off
[dB @ 10kHz]
|_Electrical 78's (general)||1925-1938||300||0||ES|
|_Electrical 78's (general)||1932-1938, mid 30s||500-FLAT||500N-0||500||0||ia,ES,JP,RF|
|_Electrical 78's (general)||1938-1946||300 or 500||0 or -5||ES|
|_Electrical 78's (general)||1947-1954||300 or 500||-16||ES|
|Aco||1926 - 1933, British, with M in a circle||BBC 2dB/oct.||PC|
|Aeolian-Vocalion||1926 - 1933, British, with M in a circle||BBC 2dB/oct.||PC|
|ARC||American Record Corporation = Cameo + Pathé + Plaza Group; 1929 - 1930||500||0 or -5||PC,JP|
|ARC||American Record Corporation; 1930 - 1939 (some early also 500-5)||500||-8.5||JP|
|Ariel||1925 - 1931, British, with Δ after matrix no. or with W in a circle||[W.E.]||250||W.E.mike||PC|
|Audiophile||1952 - 1955, 78 rpm microgroove (!) records, up to AP-30; may also be replayed with "flat" treble||Audiophile78||300N-8||300||-8||RH,Mc,AT|
|Autograph||Marsh Laboratories, ca. 1924 - 1926||1000||0||ES,JP|
|Banner||1926 - 1929, an ARC label from 1929||500||0||JP|
|Beltona||1926 - 1933, from cat. 1194 to 1282, with M in a circle||BBC 2dB/oct.||PC|
|Beltona||1944 - 1955, ffrr, prod. by Decca UK,||Decca 78||300N-5.5||300||-5,7||PC|
|Bluebird||sublabel of RCA, see: RCA-Victor|
|Bluebird||1925 - 1931, with VE in an oval or "Orthophonic Recording" or with Δ after matrix no. (recorded in Europe)||[W.E.]||250||W.E.mike||PC|
|Broadcast (American)||American 78||250N-6||250||-6||mm|
|Broadcast (British)||1926 - 1933, with M in a circle||BBC 2dB/oct.||PC|
|Brunswick (American)||1925 - 1930||500-FLAT||500N-0||500||0||ia,JP,RF,PC|
|Brunswick (American)||1929 - 1935, an ARC label from Dec 1931 to 1940||500||-5||JP|
|Brunswick (American)||1935 - 1939||500||-8.5||JP|
|Brunswick (American)||1946 - 1951 or 1954, a Decca (Amer.) label since 1941||630N-?||629||-8 or -12||ES,mm|
|Brunswick (British)||1925 - 1944, a Decca label since 1932; see: Decca (Brit.)||European 78||250N-0||250||0||ES,GH|
|Cameo||1926 - 1929, probably W.E.; an ARC label from 1929||[W.E.]||250||0/W.E.||JP|
|Capitol||1942 - 1953; Capitol founded in 1942; since 1954 => RIAA||Capitol [CAP]||400N-12.7||400||-12.7||ia,ES,mil,JP,Mc|
|Capitol||1942 - 1951||American 78||250N-8||250||-8||mm|
|Capitol / Capitol Cetra||1951-1955||Capitol [CAP]||400N-12.7||400||-12.7||mm|
|Capitol - Telefunken||500-FLAT||500N-0||500||0||ES,mil|
|Capitol (British)||1944 - 1955, "ffrr", prod. by Decca UK, matrix prefix DCAP||Decca 78||300N-5.5||300||-5,7||PC,JP|
|Cetra||founded 1930s by RAI, Italy||European 78||250N-0||250||0||GH|
|Cetra-Soria||founded 1949, Cetra prod. in US||European 78||250N-0||250||0||mm|
|Chappell||1931 - 1944, British, with © before matrix no., [Bc]||Blumlein300||300N-0||300||0||PC|
|Coliseum||1926 - 1933, British, with M in a circle||BBC 2dB/oct.||PC|
|Columbia (American)||1925 - 1931 (some -1934)||[W.E.]||200 - 250||-5 / W.E.||AT,ES,mil,ia,JP|
|Columbia (American)||1931 - 1937||American 78||250N-8||250||-8||AT,mm,JP|
|Columbia (American)||1939 - 1956; "Columbia Rec." a CBS label since 1938; from 1955 change to RIAA||Columbia 78||300N-16||300||-16||ia,GH,ES,mil,mm, JP,Mc,AT|
|Columbia (British)||1925 - 1931, with W in a circle||[W.E.]||250||W.E.mike||PC|
|Columbia (British)||1931 - 1953, an EMI UK label from 1931||European 78||250N-0||250||0||ia,GH,ES,JP,RF|
|Columbia (British)||1931 - 1944, with © before matrix no., [Bc]||Blumlein300||300N-0||300||0||PC|
|Columbia (British)||1932 - 1949, with W in a circle or matrix prefix W (US COL/OKeh reissues)||500-FLAT||500||0, later -12||PC|
|Columbia (British)||1949 - 7/1953, EMI UK, matrix nos. from CA22600 to CA22610, and at CAX11932||500-FLAT||500N-0||500||0||PC|
|Coral||1948 - 1954||629||-12||ES|
|Coral||1948 - 1953, sublabel of Decca US; from 1953 => RIAA||AES||400N-12.3||400||-12.3||JP|
|Decca (American)||1934 - 1937, (Decca US established in 1934)||American 78||250N-8||250||-8.5||JP|
|Decca (American)||1937 - 1946 ca||AES||400N-12.3||400||-12.3||ia,JP,RF|
|Decca (American)||pre 1946, imports from Britain?||Blumlein300||300N-0||300||0||ES|
|Decca (American)||very few, to try a combination of 500Hz / 6300 Hz||500N-5.5||500||-5,5||mm|
|Decca (American)||1946 - 1951, if labeled "ffrr"||Decca 78||300N-5.5||300||-5,7||mm|
|Decca (American)||1946 - 1954 (??? 629 Hz ???)||629||-12||ES|
|Decca (American)||1951 - 1953, from 1953 => RIAA||AES||400N-12.3||400||-12.3||mm|
|Decca (British)||1929 - 1944||European 78||250N-0||250||0||ES,mm|
|Decca (British)||1935 - 1944, matrix up to DR8485-2; test disc: Decca EXP55 or Z718||Blumlein300||300N-0||300||0||PC|
|Decca (British)||1944 - 1955, ffrr, cat. nos. from F.8440, K.1032, M.569 and X.281 (some exceptions); matrix nos. 8486 to 18000; test disc: Decca K.1802, London T.4996||Decca 78||300N-5.5||300||-5,7||PC,ES,mm,JP|
|Decca (British)||some 1949-1956||London LP||500C-10.5||500||C||-10,5||mm|
|Decca (European)||to 1944||European 78||250N-0||250||0||mm|
|Decca (European)||1944-1950||Decca 78||300N-5.5||300||-5,7||ES,mm|
|Decca (European)||1950-1954, (Telefunken + Decca UK = TELDEC since 1950)||Telefunken||400N-0||400||0||mm|
|Decca (European)||some 1954-1962||CCIR 78||350N-10.5||354||-10,5||mm|
|Deutsche Grammophon||alias "DGG", taken over by Telefunken 1937||300||-5||ES,mil|
|Deutsche Grammophon||1944 ca. - 1953 ca. (???)||European 78||250N-0||250||0||PC|
|Dial||78s used same EQ as 33⅓ and 45s||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||ES,mil|
|Domino||1926 - 1929, an ARC label from 1929||500||-5||JP|
|EMI-HMV (British)||some, re-releases of acoustics mastered 1909-1926||800N-12||800||-12||mm|
|EMI-HMV (British)||1927 - 1953||European 78||250N-0||250||0||GH,ES,mil,mm|
|EMI-HMV (British)||1931 - 1944, with □ after matrix no., [Bc]||Blumlein300||300N-0||300||0||PC|
|EMI-HMV (British)||1931 - 1949, with ◊ after matrix no.||500-FLAT||500||0, later -12||PC|
|EMI-HMV (British)||1931 - 1953, (test disc HMV DB4037)||European 78||250N-0||250||0||ia,ES,mil,JP,PC|
|EMI-HMV (British)||11/1943 - 7/1953, matrix nos. from 2EA17501 to 0EA17576||European 78||250N-0||250||0||PC|
|EMI-HMV (British)||1955 - end, test disc: EMI JGS812, BBC DOM86||CCIR 78||350N-10.5||354||-10,5||PC|
|Exclusive||1944 - 1949||Decca 78||300N-5.5||300||-5,7||mm|
|Gramophone Company||1925 - 1931 UK, with Δ after matrix no.||[W.E.]||250||W.E.mike||PC|
|Harmony||1929 - 1931||250||-5||JP|
|His Master's Voice (Brit.)||some, re-releases of acoustics mastered 1909-1926||800N-12||800||-12||mm|
|His Master's Voice (Brit.)||1925 - 1931 British, with Δ after matrix no.||[W.E.]||250||W.E.mike||PC|
|His Master's Voice (Brit.)||1931 - 1953, prod. by EMI(UK)||European 78||250N-0||250||0||ia,GH,mm,JP,RF|
|His Master's Voice (Brit.)||1932 - 1949, with ◊ after matrix no.||500-FLAT||500||0, later -12||PC|
|His Master's Voice (Brit.)||11/1943 - 7/1953, EMI UK, matrix nos. from 2EA17501 to 0EA17576||500-FLAT||500N-0||500||0||PC|
|Hispanophone||1926 - 1931 , with Δ after matrix no.||[W.E.]||250||W.E.mike||PC|
|Hit of the Week||1930 - 1932||500||-5 or -8.5||ES,mil,JP|
|Homochord||1926 - 1928, matrix no. HH, JJ, HR, JR, Ee (made by Gramophone Co.)||[W.E.]||250||W.E.mike||PC|
|Hugophone||1925 - 1931, with W in a circle||[W.E.]||250||W.E.mike||PC|
|Hugophone||1931 - 1944, with © before matrix no., [Bc]||Blumlein300||300N-0||300||0||PC|
|Jewel||1926 - 1929, an ARC label from 1929||500-FLAT||500N-0||500||0||JP|
|King||1946 - 1953, since 1953 => RIAA||500||-8.5 or -16||ES,mil,JP|
|Lincoln||sublabel of Cameo, 1926 - 1929, probably W.E.||[W.E.]||250||-5 / W.E.||JP|
|Linguaphone||1926 - 1933, with M in a circle||BBC 2dB/oct.||PC|
|L'Oiseau-Lyre||1944 - 1955, ffrr, prod. by Decca UK,||Decca 78||300N-5.5||300||-5,7||PC|
|London||1948 - 1955, ffrr, prod. by Decca UK,||Decca 78||300N-5.5||300||-5,7||PC,mil,JP|
|MacGregor||1930 - 1950s, a Hollywood recording studio; produced by Brunswick, ARC, Capitol,...; various EQs (250-5, 250-8, 400-12.7, 500-12)||mm,JP,AT|
|Majestic||1942 - 1948||500||-16||ES,JP|
|Melotone||1931 - 1938, a Brunswick budget label; see Brunswick (Amer.)|
|Mercury||1945 - 1953; approx. to matrix YB9700; since late 1953 => RIAA||AES||400N-12.3||400||-12.3||ia,ES,mm,JP,Mc|
|MGM (American)||founded 1946; up to E3071||MGM [MGM]||500N-12||500||-12||ia,ES,mil,JP,RF|
|MGM (British)||1949 - 7/1953, matrix no. 0SM420||500-FLAT||500N-0||500||0||PC|
|Musicraft||??? RCA Old Ortho.???||700-800||-13.7||ES,mil|
|Musicraft||500||-8.5 or -12||JP|
|Nat. Gramophonic Soc.||1926 - 1933, with M in a circle, cat. HHH to TTT and NGS.65 to NGS.102||BBC 2dB/oct.||PC|
|Nixa||1950 - ?, Britain, shellacs produced by Decca UK||Decca 78||300N-5.5||300||-5.7||ris|
|Octacros||1931 - ?, Britain, a Synchrophone label||Blumlein300||300N-0||300||0||PC|
|Odeon||some early electricals||800||0||ES,mil|
|Odeon||1925 - 1928, with W in a circle (a Lindström label)||[W.E.]||250||W.E.mike||PC|
|Odeon||1928 - 1936, matrix with ₤ in a circle ( a Lindström label); bass shelf at 100Hz||400||C||0||PC|
|Odeon||1931 - 1944, with © before matrix no., [Bc]||Blumlein300||300N-0||300||0||PC|
|Odeon||to 1953, (1926 sub. of Brit. Columbia , 1931 sub. of EMI)||Blumlein300||300N-0||300||0||ES,mil|
|OKeh||1926 - 1935, a Columbia label since 1926||[W.E.]||250||-5 / W.E.||AT,JP,mm|
|OKeh||1931 - 1935, some; probably American78||American 78||250N-8||250-300||0 or -8.5||ES,mil|
|OKeh||1940 - 1945 and 1951 - 1955; since 1955 => RIAA||Columbia 78||300N-16||300||-16||AT,JP|
|Oriole||1926 - 1929, an ARC label from 1926||500||-5||JP|
|Parlophone (Amer.,Brit.)||1925 - 1931, with W in a circle||[W.E.]||250||-5 / W.E.||PC,JP|
|Parlophone (British)||1925 - 1953||European 78||250N-0||250||0||GH,ES|
|Parlophone (British)||1931 - 1944, with © before matrix no., [Bc]||Blumlein300||300N-0||300||0||PC|
|Parlophone (British)||1932 - 1949, with W in a circle or matrix prefix W (US COL/OKeh re-issues for UK)||500-FLAT||500||0, later -12||PC|
|Parlophone (British)||1949 - 7/1953, EMI UK, matrix nos. from CE14643 to CE14689||500-FLAT||500N-0||500||0||ia,PC,JP,RF|
|Parlophone-Odeon||1925 - 1928, Odeon in Brit.; with W in a circle||[W.E.]||250||W.E.mike||PC|
|Parlophone-Odeon||1928/29, Odeon in Brit.; matrix with ₤ in a circle, bass shelf at 100Hz||400||C||0||PC|
|Pathé (American)||1926 - 1929, probably W.E., some 500-5; an ARC label from 1929||[W.E.]||250||-5 / W.E.||JP|
|Pathé (French)||1931 - 1944, with © before matrix no., [Bc]||Blumlein300||300N-0||300||0||PC|
|Perfect||1926 - 1929, probably W.E., sublabel of Pathé (Amer.)||[W.E.]||250||-5 / W.E.||JP|
|Polydor||sub-label of Deutsche Grammophon||300||-10||ES,mil|
|RCA Victor||12/1931 - 2/1932 "long-playing" shellacs, N-groove, played at 33⅓ rpm||≈Old Ortho.||500N-13.7||500 or up||-13.7||RM,PC|
|RCA Victor||1931 ca., test disc Victor 84522 without treble pre-emphasis||500-FLAT||500N-0||500-600||0||PC,ES|
|RCA Victor||1931 - 1938, used high cut at 5500 Hz [R-B]||≈Old Ortho.||500N-13.7||500 or up||-13.7||RM,PC|
|RCA Victor||1938 - 1947, used High Cut at 8500 Hz, [R-C]||Old Ortho.||500N-13.7||500||-13.7||RM,PC,ia,JP,ES, mil|
|RCA Victor||1941 - 1947 (some to 1952)||Old RCA||800N-8||800||-8||mm|
|RCA Victor||1947 - 1951 [R-D]||RCA 45||800N-13.7||800||-13.7||mm|
|RCA Victor||1947 - Aug 1952 [R-D]||Old Ortho.||500N-13.7||500||-13.7||RM,ia,mm,JP,RF|
|RCA Victor||since Aug 1952 => "New Orthophonic" = RIAA, from matrix E2RP4094||RIAA||500R-13.7||500||R||-13.7||RM,ES|
|RCA Victor (British)||1931 - ?, with swastika after matrix no., re-issued by EMI UK||European 78||250N-0||250||0||PC|
|RCA Victor (British)||1931 - 1944, with □ after matrix no., re-issued by EMI UK, [Bc]||Blumlein300||300N-0||300||0||PC|
|RCA Victor (European)||1930 - 1950||European 78||250N-0||250||0||ES|
|Regal (American)||1926 - 1929, an ARC label from 1929||500||-5||JP|
|Regal (British)||1925 - 1931, with W in a circle||[W.E.]||250||W.E.mike||PC|
|Regal Zonophone (Brit.)||budget label of EMI/Columbia||European 78||250N-0||250||0||ES,mil|
|Regal Zonophone (Brit.)||1925 - 1931 UK, with Δ after matrix no. or with W in a circle||[W.E.]||250||W.E.mike||PC|
|Regal Zonophone (Brit.)||1931 - 1944, with © before matrix no., [Bc]||Blumlein300||300N-0||300||0||PC|
|Regal Zonophone (Brit.)||1932 - 1949, with W in a circle or matrix prefix W (US COL/OKeh reissues for UK)||500-FLAT||500||0, later -12||PC|
|Regal Zonophone (Brit.)||1949 - 7/1953, matrix no. CAR6800||500-FLAT||500N-0||500||0||JP|
|Romeo||1926 - 1929, sublabel of Cameo; probably W.E.||[W.E.]||250||0 / W.E.||JP|
|Scala||1926 - 1933, with M in a circle||BBC 2dB/oct.||PC|
|Supraphone||Czech, since 1932, a subsid.of Ultraphon||Telefunken||400N-0||400||0||ES,mil|
|Synchrophone||1931 - ?, Britain||Blumlein300||300N-0||300||0||PC|
|Technichord||American, all N78 from 1938 [TCH]||Technichord||800N-12||800||-12||ES,mil,mm|
|Telefunken||1944 - 1955, ffrr, prod. by Decca UK,||Decca 78||300N-5.5||300||-5,7||mm,PC|
|Telefunken||1951-1953, (Telefunken + Decca UK = TELDEC since 1950)||Telefunken||400N-0||400||0||mm|
|Tempo (American)||Tempo Record Co. of America, Hollywood, CA; ca 1947 - late 1950s||500||-12||JP|
|Theme||sublabel of Tempo (Amer.)||500||-12||JP|
|Theme||all N78||American 78||250N-6||250||-6||mm|
|Turicaphon||Switzerland, 1930 - , a subsid.of Ultraphon||Telefunken||400N-0||400||0|
|Ultraphon||Europe 1929-1932, taken over by Telefunken||Telefunken||400N-0||400||0||ES,mil|
|Unison||1926 - 1933, with M in a circle||BBC 2dB/oct.||PC|
|Victor||1925 - 1931, Western Electric System||[W.E.]||200 - 300||0 to -7||ia,JP,ES,mil,mm|
|Victor||Victor was taken over by RCA in 1930; see: RCA-Victor|
|Victor / Victrola||1925 - 1931, with VE in an oval or "Orthophonic Recording" or with Δ after matrix no. (recorded in Europe)||[W.E.]||250||W.E.mike||PC|
|Vocalion (American)||a Brunswick label since 1924; see: Brunswick (Amer.)|
|Vocalion (British)||1926 - 1940; a Brunswick and since 1932 a Decca UK label||European 78||250N-0||250||0||ES,mil|
|Vocalion (British)||1926 - 1933, to cat. X10029 A.0269 and K05312, with M in a circle||BBC 2dB/oct.||PC|
|Vocalion (British)||1944 - 1955, "ffrr", prod. by Decca UK, including V1000 series||Decca 78||300N-5.5||300||-5,7||PC|
|Voice of the Stars||1931 - 1944, with © before matrix no., [Bc]||Blumlein300||300N-0||300||0||PC|
|Zonophone||1925 - 1931 UK, with Δ after matrix no.||[W.E.]||250||W.E.mike||PC|
|Zonophone||1931 - ?, with swastika after matrix no.||European 78||250N-0||250||0||PC|
|Zonophone||1931 - 1944, with □ after matrix no., [Bc]||Blumlein300||300N-0||300||0||PC|
- [Bc] ... Due to changes in the setup of the Blumlein cutter the characteristic of the recordings could vary between 180 Hz-FLAT and 500 Hz-FLAT, resulting in +/- 4 dB at 50 Hz. Copeland suggests 300 Hz as an average value.
- [CAP]... used its own “Capitol curve” 400N-12.7. Play back with “AES” 400N-12.3!
- [MGM] ... used a special “MGM curve” 500N-12. Play back with “RCA Old Orthophonic” 500N-13.7!
- [R-D] ... Roll-off is frequently listed as between 10 and 12 dB. But this “flattening off” to ca 10 dB at 10 kHz was an intentional high cut which must not be compensated for in playback. Thus a setting of 13.7 dB is correct!
- [R-C] ... RCA recommends replaying with “Old Ortho.”. High frequencies were cut off more deliberately at 8,500 Hz (with no effect on playback EQ!) than in later years. [cf. Moyer]
- [R-B] ... From c. 1931 to 1938 high frequencies were even cut off at 5,500 Hz! The bass curve is “subject to some question, however,” since it was extensively modified by electronic filters and mechanical damping. But RCA found 500 Hz to be the best average characteristic and used this in re-recording pre-1938 masters. So in principle: “Old Ortho.” for playback again! [cf. Moyer]
- [TCH] ... Technichord used its own “Technichord curve” 800N-12. Play back with “RCA 45” 800N-13.7!
- [W.E.] ... Very early Columbia and Victor recordings (1926) used a bass turnover frequency of 250 or 300 Hz but their treble is described as “flat”. The perceived treble amplification was possibly only the result of resonant peaks of the early Western Electric condenser microphones used in recording. Background information is given in this PDF. An experimental replay EQ curve for this microphone / pre-emphasis combination can be downloaded here.
Early 33⅓ LP labels and their EQ
After the launch of the “long-playing record 33⅓ rpm” by Columbia in 1948 (which used vinyl discs and a narrower groove width – microgroove records or M33) record producers experimented a lot to fully exploit the potential of the new medium. Bass shelving came into use to limit the necessary bass boost in playback and – as a consequence of the extended frequency range – necessary gain reached values as high as +/- 20 dB. So recording characteristics varied considerably!
The “poor sound quality” of some early LPs is nowadays considered to be mostly a result of the wrong EQ in playback.
Standardization was reached with the “New Orthophonic” curve of RCA which was to become the world standard by the name of RIAA. In America most labels switched to RIAA around 1955 – Europe followed by 1962.
How to identify RIAA recordings:
- “ORTHOphonic” or “New Orthophonic” (after August 1952), “NARTB” or “New NARTB” (after June 1953) or “New AES” (after 1954) indicate RIAA equalization.
- The following labels should have used only RIAA all the time: Argo, Bethlehem, Classic Editions, Chess, Clef, Composer Recordings, McIntosh, Montilla, New Jazz, Norgram, Prestige, Romany, Roulette, Savoy, Vocalion and Walden [High Fidelity Magazine, MidiMagic].
- A “HIFi+” sticker on American Columbias or the catalogue number written in an inverted triangle on German records (like Deutsche Grammophon) is a symbol for RIAA.
- Later recordings on the labels listed below should all be RIAA.
In case that sources did not agree on one EQ curve, their different opinions are listed and you will have to trust your ears.
Table 3: Early 33⅓ LP Labels And Their EQ
|Label||Remarks||Curve Name||Code|| turnover
| treble roll-off
[dB @ 10kHz]
|Allegro||1948 - 1956||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||ES|
|Allied||to 1958||NAB or Col.LP||500?-16||500||B/C||-16||JP,Hi,ES,mil,mm|
|American Recording Society||to matrix E2KP9607, mastered by RCA||Old Ortho. [R-D]||500N-13.7||500||N||13.7||ES,Mc|
|American Recording Society||to 1958||AES||400N-12.3||400||N||-12.3||Hi,mm,JP|
|Angel||to 1952; to 35022||Old Ortho. [R-D]||500N-13.7||500||N||13.7||mil,mm,RF,Mc|
|Arizona||to Sept(?) 1955||Capitol [CAP]||400N-12.7||400||N||-12,7||Hi,ES,mil,mm,JP|
|Atlantic||to 1953, produced by MGM||NAB||500B-16||500||B||-16||ES,mil,mm,JP,Mc|
|Audio Fidelity||no. 901-903||NAB||500B-16||500||B||-16||ES,mm,JP,RF|
|Audiophile||1952 - 1976 (!); regular 33⅓ LPs up to AP-125; may also be replayed with "flat" treble; probably never used RIAA||Audiophile33||600N-10||600||N||-10.3||RH,AT|
|Bach Guild||sublabel of Vanguard; BG-501 to 529 (1950 to 52)||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||GH,ES,Hk,Hi,AT|
|Banner||to 10002||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||ES,mil,mm|
|Bartók||to 1952||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||ES,mm|
|Bartók||no. 301-307, 309, 906-920||Bartok||630C-16||629||C||-16||ES,mil,mm,JP,Mc|
|Bartók||no. 308, 310-11, 901-05 and from 921||RIAA||500R-13.7||500||R||-13,7||Hi|
|Blue Note||to Sept(?) 1955, 33⅓ and 45s||AES||400N-12.3||400||N||-12.3||Hi,ES,mil,mm,JP, Hk,Mc|
|Bluebird||Bluebird Classic (BC), a sublabel of RCA, see: RCA-Victor|
|Boston||to 1958, up to B202||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||Hi,ES,mil,mm,JP, RF|
|Brunswick||to matrix MG4400; with raised matrix**||Old RCA||800N-8||800||N||-8||ES|
|Caedmon (American)||founded 1952, TC1002 - TC1022 (1955)||Bartok||630N-16||629||N||-16||Hi,ES,mil,mm,JP|
|Caedmon (American)||629||-11 or -12||ES,Mc|
|Caedmon (British)||early LPs "made in England", from 1953||CCIR 78||350N-10.5||350||N||-10,5||PC|
|Canyon||to C6160||AES||400N-12.3||400||N||-12.3||Hi,ES,mil,mm,JP, Hk,Mc|
|Capitol / Capitol-Cetra||1949 - 1955 (sold to EMI-UK in 1955); 33⅓,||Capitol [CAP]||400N-12.7||400||N||-12,7||Hi,ES,mm,JP,RF, Hk,Mc|
|Capitol / Capitol-Cetra||1949 - 1954; 45 rpm||NAB||500B-16||500||B||-16||GH,mm|
|Capitol||to 1954, weak bass on 45 rpm can be improved (+ 4.5 dB) by 800 Hz t/o||500||-12||ES,Mc|
|Cetra-Soria||Am. releases of Cetra, 1948-1953 (Cetra-Soria sold to Capitol)||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||Hi,GH,ES,mm,JP, RF|
|Colosseum||to Jan 1954||NAB||500B-16||500||B||-16||Hi,mm,JP,RF|
|Colosseum||some long operas||1000||-5||ES|
|Columbia (American)||1947-1955; to matrix ML4895, XLP3200||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||Hi,GH,ES,mil,mm, JP,RF,Hk|
|Columbia (American)||1948 - 1953; 45 rpm||NAB||500B-16||500||B||-16||ES,mm,Mc|
|Columbia (American)||45 rpm||AES||400N-12.3||400||N||-12.3||JP|
|Columbia (American)||1955 - ; after matrix XLP3200 or with "HiFi+" sticker||RIAA||500R-13.7||500||R||-13.7||ES|
|Columbia (British)||1949 - 7/1953, matrix nos. LPs: from XA561 to XAX817; XRX12; EPs: 7TCA 7, 7TCO 6; SPs: 7XCA185, 7XCO 87||500-FLAT||500N-0||500||N||0||PC,ES|
|Concert Hall (American)||most! 1948-1954, XTV matrix to 20383 (low take nos) produced by COL||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||Hi,ES,mm,JP,RF|
|Concert Hall||E0 matrix, mastered by RCA, ca. 1950/51||Old RCA||800N-8||800||N||-8||ES|
|Concert Hall||E1KP/E2KP matrix, mastered by RCA, ca. 1951/53||Old Ortho. [R-D]||500N-13.7||500||N||13.7||ES|
|Concert Hall||marked AES,||AES||400N-12.3||400||N||-12.3||mil,mm,RF,Mc|
|Concert Hall||CH matrix?||500||-10||ES|
|Concert Hall||matrix E2RP from 4095 / E2KP from 9607||RIAA||500R-13.7||500||R||-13,7||ES|
|Concert Hall (British)||to 1956 (or 1954)||London LP||500C-10.5||500||C||-10.5||Hi,mm,JP|
|Contemporary||2001-02, 2501-02, 2505, 2507, 3501||AES||400N-12.3||400||N||-12.3||Hi,ES,mm,JP,Mc|
|Contemporary||after matrix AP121||RIAA||500R-13.7||500||R||-13.7||ES|
|Cook||to 1958(?), regular mono records||Cook||500||N||var. -12 to -15||ES,mm|
|Cook (binaural)||inside band -0 roll-off, outs.-11 dB||500||0 ins./-11 outs.||Hi,ES,mil,mm|
|Coral||sublabel of Decca (Amer.), est. 1949, up to MG4400, with raised matrix||Old RCA||800N-8||800||N||-8||ES|
|Decca (American)||up to MG4400, with raised matrix||Old RCA||800N-8||800||N||-8||ES|
|Decca (American)||1949-1951||London LP||500C-10.5||500||C||-10.5||mm|
|Decca (American)||1953, 33⅓ and 45 rpm||AES||400N-12.3||400||N||-12.3||mm,JP,RF|
|Decca (American)||1953 - Nov 1955, 33⅓ and 45 rpm||NAB||500B-16||500||B||-16||Hi,mm,JP,RF|
|Decca (British)||1950-1956||London LP||500C-10.5||500||C||-10.5||mm|
|Decca (British)||ffrr (from ARL1186-1B)***||???London||500||-10||ES|
|Decca (British)||ffrr (after 6/50)***||500-FLAT||500N-0||500||N||0||ES|
|Decca (British)||ffrr (from ARL2530-2A)||RIAA||500R-13.7||500||R||-13.7||ES|
|Decca (European)||1949 - 1954, (Telefunken + Decca UK = TELDEC since 1950)||Telefunken||400N-0||400||N||0||mm|
|Decca (European)||some 1954-1962||CCIR 78||350N-10.5||350||N||-10.5||mm|
|Decca (European)||most from 1954||RIAA||500R-13.7||500||R||-13.7||mm|
|Decca ffrr||1951 [Disputed!]||300||-14||JP,RF|
|Deutsche Grammophon||alias "DGG"||LP||-10||ES|
|Deutsche Grammophon||1952 - 1955, early LPs, cat. no in a rectangle, bass shelf 50 Hz||IEC N78||350A-10.5||350||A||-10.5||PC,GH,RB|
|Deutsche Grammophon||cat. no. in an inverted triangle (RIAA symbol)||RIAA||500R-13.7||500||R||-13.7||PC|
|Deutsche Grammophon||1957, test disc DG 99105, possibly the only disc to DIN 45533||TELDEC||500R-11||500||R||-11||PC|
|Dial||1948 - 1954, 33⅓ and 45 rpm, bass of EP 45s can be improved by 700Hz t/o||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||ES,mil,mm,JP|
|Dot||to 1958, 33⅓ and 45 rpm||AES||400N-12.3||400||N||-12.3||mm|
|Ducretet Thomson||10/1954 - 1958, British releases issued by London/Decca UK||London LP||500C-10.5||500||C||-10.5||RF|
|Elektra||EKL 2-15, 18-20, 24-26 (rel. 1952-55)||Bartok||630N-16||629||N||-16||Hi,ES,mm,JP,Mc|
|Elektra||EKL 17, 22 (released 1954)||AES||400N-12.3||400||N||-12.3||Hi,ES,mm,JP|
|Elektra||EKL 16, 21, 23 (rel. 1955) and from 27 up||RIAA||500R-13.7||500||R||-13.7||Hi,ES,mm|
|EMI-Angel||to 1952, Deutsche Grammophon releases in US||Old Ortho. [R-D]||500N-13.7||500||N||13.7||mm|
|EMI-HMV||1949 - 1953; matrix 2XEA213-392/XAX561-817 (1N,2N) 33⅓ and 45 rpm||500-FLAT||500N-0||500||N||0||ES|
|EMI-HMV||1951 - 1954||NAB||500B-16||500||B||-16||mm|
|EMI-HMV||1954 - 1958?||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||mm,JP|
|EMI-HMV||since July 1953||RIAA||500R-13.7||500||R||-13.7||ES,PC|
|EMS||1951 - 1956||AES||400N-12.3||400||N||-12.3||Hi,ES,mil,mm,JP, RF,Hk,Mc|
|Epic||1948 - 1954, a Columbia sublabel||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||ES,mil,mm,JP,RF|
|Esoteric||ES 500,517 and EST 5,6||AES||400N-12.3||400||N||-12.3||Hi,ES,mil,mm,JP|
|Esoteric||to matrix E2KP 9607, mastered by RCA; from ES 533 => RIAA||Old Ortho. [R-D]||500N-13.7||500||N||13.7||ES,Mc|
|Festival||to 1955||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||ES,mil,mm|
|Folkways||1948 - 1955; all||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||Hi,ES,mm,JP,RF|
|Fraternity Records||up to F-1013||500-FLAT||500N-0||500||N||0||ES|
|Good-Time Jazz||1, 5-8||NAB||500B-16||500||B||-16||Hi,ES,mm,JP|
|Good-Time Jazz||3, 9-19||AES||400N-12.3||400||N||-12.3||Hi,ES,mm,JP,Mc|
|Good-Time Jazz||2, 4, 20 and up; since Oct 1955 => RIAA||RIAA||500R-13.7||500||R||-13.7||Hi,mm|
|Handel Society||sublabel of Concert Hall, mostly produced by COL, 1951-1954; others see Concert Hall||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||ES,mil,mm|
|Haydn Society||sublabel of Urania; to matrix XTV20383, mastered by COL; to cat. HS-3062, HSL-84; 1949 to 1954||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||Hi,ES,mil,mm,JP, Hk,AT|
|His Master's Voice (Amer.)||sublabel of RCA; to 1952; since Aug 1952 => "New Ortho." = RIAA||Old Ortho. [R-D]||500N-13.7||500||N||13.7||ES,GH,RM|
|His Master's Voice (British)||1949 - 7/1953, EMI-UK, matrix nos. LPs: 2XEA213 - 392 and 0XAV145; EPs: 7TEA 19, 7TAV 28; SPs: 7XBA14 - 21 and 7XCS 23, 7XLA 2, 7XRA 30, 7XSB 6, 7XVH 70, 7XEA688, 7XAV227||500-FLAT||500N-0||500||N||0||PC,ES|
|His Master's Voice (British)||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||GH,JP,RF|
|Kapp||no. 100-103, 1000-1001||Kapp||800N-16||800||N||-16||Hi,ES,mil,mm,JP|
|L'Oiseau-Lyre||to 1954, to matrix OL50018, prod. by Decca||London LP||500C-10.5||500||C||-10.5||Hi,ES,mil,mm,JP|
|London||first few||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||mm|
|London||ffrr; after 6/1950***; to matrix ARL1186-1B||500-FLAT||500N-0||500||N||0||ES|
|London||ffrr; to LL-846; to matrix ARL2530-2A||London LP||500C-10.5||500||C||-10.5||Hi,mil,mm,ES|
|Lyrichord||1948 - 1951, XTV matrix, mastered by COL||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||mil,mm,JP,RF,ES|
|Lyrichord||1951 - 1957(?)||NAB||500B-16||500||B||-16||Hi,mm|
|Lyrichord||1950 - 1952, mastered by RCA||Old Ortho. [R-D]||500N-13.7||500||N||13.7||PC|
|Lyrichord||before 1953, (E0-E3 matrix)||???AES||400||-12||ES|
|Lyrichord||if labeled "629"||Bartok||630C-16||629||C||-16||ES,mil,JP,Mc|
|Mercury||1948 - 1952, marked "2000Hz/3dB p.octave", MG10000 series||500||-7 (3 dB/oct.)||PC,ES|
|Mercury||1953 - Oct 1954, 33⅓ and 45s, to matrix MG50026, 7000||AES||400N-12.3||400||N||-12.3||Hi,ES,mil,mm,JP, PC,Hk,Mc|
|MGM||to 1953; to matrix M-G-M E3071; 33⅓ and 45 rpm; bass of 45s can be improved by 700 Hz||MGM [MGM]||500N-12||500||N||-12||ES,mm,JP,Hk,AT, Mc|
|MGM (British)||1949 - 7/1953, matrix nos. SPs: 7XSM203||500-FLAT||500N-0||500||N||0||PC|
|Music Treasures||all||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||mm|
|New Records||to 1954||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||ES,mil,mm|
|New Records||mastered by RCA||Old Ortho. [R-D]||500N-13.7||500||N||13.7||ES|
|Nixa (British)||1950 (founded) to 1955, US matrixes from Westminster||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||mm,PC|
|Nixa (British)||to 1955, if labeled AES||AES||400N-12.3||400||N||-12.3||mm|
|Nixa (British)||to 1955, if labeled NAB||NAB||500B-16||500||B||-16||mm|
|Nixa (British)||US matrixes from Polymusic or Urania; mastered by RCA Victor||Old Ortho. [R-D]||500N-13.7||500||N||13.7||PC|
|Nixa (British)||US matrixes from Lyrichord; see: Lyrichord||PC|
|Nocturne||LP1-LP3 ,LP5; XP1-XP10||AES||400N-12.3||400||N||-12.3||Hi,ES,mil,mm,JP|
|Oceanic||to 1958; to matrix XTV20383, low take nos.||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||Hi,ES,mil,mm,JP, Hk|
|Overtone||nos. 1-5 produced by COL; from no. 6 => RIAA||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||ES,TP,AT|
|Oxford||to 1958?||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||Hi,ES,mil,mm,JP|
|Pacific Jazz||to 1953||Pacific Jazz||500C-12||500||C||-12||mm|
|Pacific Jazz||PJLP 1-13; 10" LPs issued in 1953/54||AES||400N-12.3||400||N||-12.3||Hi,ES,mil,mm,JP|
|Parlophone||1949 - 7/1953, EMI UK, matrix nos. LPs: XEX 60; SPs: 7XCE135; (EPs were probably all RIAA)||500-FLAT||500N-0||500||N||0||PC,ES|
|Period||1949-1953; up to 576||NAB||500B-16||500||B||-16||ES,mil,mm,Mc|
|Philharmonia||to 1958?||AES||400N-12.3||400||N||-12.3||Hi,ES,mil,mm,JP, Hk,Mc|
|Philips||to 1953, 33⅓ and 45s||Philips||400N-6||400||N||-6||mm|
|Philips (British)||1953 - ?, LPs with re-issues of 78s masters||CCIR 78||350N-10.5||350||N||-10.5||PC,RB|
|Polydor||sub-label of Deutsche Grammophon||300||-10||ES,mil|
|Polymusic||to 1958 (regular mono records)||NAB||500B-16||500||B||-16||ES,mil,mm,JP,RF|
|Polymusic (binaural)||inside band -0 roll-off, outs.-11 dB (Cook system)||500||0 ins./-11 outs.||Hi,ES,mil,mm|
|Rachmaninoff Society||to 1958?||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||ES,mil,mm|
|RCA Victor||1949 - 1950, some 33⅓ and 45s; matrix from D9 to E0LRC3980||Old RCA||800N-8||800||N||-8 or -10||ES,mm,Mc|
|RCA Victor||1949 - 8/1952, first 45 rpm discs (also some 33⅓)||RCA 45 [R-D]||800N-13.7||800||N||-13.7||RM,mm,PC|
|RCA Victor||1950 - 8/1952, 33⅓ only; matrix from E0LRC3981||Old Ortho. [R-D]||500N-13.7||500||N||13.7||RM,ES,mm,JP,PC, Hk|
|RCA Victor||since Aug. 1952: "New Orthophonic"; all LM,WDM,DM cat. from 1701; LCT,WCT from 1112; all LHMV,WHMV,LBC,WBC and Extended Play 45s; (from E2RP4094)||RIAA||500R-13.7||500||R||-13.7||RM,Hi,GH,ES,PC|
|Remington||to 1958(?); to matrix 199-135||NAB||500B-16||500||B||-16||Hi,ES,mm,JP,Mc|
|Renaissance||1949 - 1952||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||mm|
|Renaissance||1952 - 1954||Pacific Jazz||500C-12||500||C||-12||ES,mil,mm,Mc|
|Riverside||to Sept (?) 1955||AES||400N-12.3||400||N||-12.3||Hi,ES,mil,mm,JP|
|Stradivari||to 1958||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||ES,mil,mm|
|Telefunken||1951 - 1953, (Telefunken + Decca UK = TELDEC since 1950)||Telefunken||400N-0||400||N||0||mil,mm|
|Telefunken||1954 - 1962||CCIR 78||350N-10.5||350||N||-10.5||mm,RB|
|Tempo||1948 - 1953||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||mm|
|Tempo||1954 - 1958(?)||NAB||500B-16||500||B||-16||Hi,GH,ES,mm,JP|
|Transradio||to 1958(?)||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||Hi,ES,mm,JP|
|Urania||most; to matrix XTV20383 (low take nos), mastered by COL; 1949 to 1954; since 1953 change to RIAA||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||Hi,mil,mm,ES,Hk, AT|
|Urania||Cat. nos. URLP 224, 603, 7059, 7063, 7065, 7066, 7069; ca 1952/53||AES||400N-12.3||400||N||-12.3||Hi,mm,JP,Mc,AT|
|Urania||to matrix E2KP9243, mastered by RCA; 1950 to 1953||Old Ortho. [R-D]||500N-13.7||500||N||13.7||PC,ES,AT|
|Vanguard||VRS 411-42, 6000-18, up to XTV20386; VRS 7001-11, 8001-04; since 1954 RIAA||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||Hi,ES,JP,GH,Hk AT|
|Vox||1948 - 1954; up to matrix XTV20386, PL8400 or labeled "Lp"; mastered by COL||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||GH,mil,mm,JP,ES, PC,Hk|
|Vox||1951 - Oct 1954||NAB||500B-16||500||B||-16||Hi,mil,mm,JP,RF|
|Westminster||1948 - Oct 1955, to matrix XTV20383 low take nos.; mastered by Columbia||Columbia LP||500C-16||500||C||-16||Hi,ES,mil,mm,JP, PC|
|Westminster||EO matrix||Old RCA||800N-8||800||N||-8||ES|
|Westminster||to matrix E2KP9607, mastered by RCA||Old Ortho. [R-D]||500N-13.7||500||N||13.7||ES|
- ... This EQ can be traced back to Langford-Smith (1952), who vaguely describes a “London LP curve (Jan. 1951)”. Powell reads this as 300Hz (wrong!) and -14 dB (correct!). Copeland judges evidence “to be very defective.” No evidence of usage.
- [CAP]... used its own “Capitol curve” 400N-12.7. Play back with “AES” 400N-12.3!
- [MGM] ... used a special “MGM curve” 500N-12. Play back with “RCA Old Orthophonic” 500N-12.3!
Sources of tables 2 and 3:
- AT ... AudacityTeam own research
- ES ... Esoteric Sound and the updated EQ list from the manual of their re-equalizer pre-amp in which they also have very useful tips how to identify LPs by their matrix number (British London / Decca, American Decca, American Columbia, RCA Victor). Please mind that they quote settings of their device which have to be translated back into parameters of EQ curves.
- GH ... Graumann, Heinz; Schallplatten-Schneidkennlinien und ihre Entzerrung, in: FUNKSCHAU 1958, Heft 15, pp 359 ff
- Hi ... High Fidelity Magazine, October 1955 with revised “Dialing Your Disks” table.
- Hk ... Heathkit; Pre-amplifier WA-P2 manual; Heath Comp., Benton Harbor, Michigan; 1954
- ia ... iasa – International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives: replay EQ
- JP ... James R. Powell Jr., “Audiophile’s Guide to Phonorecord Playback Equalizer Settings”, in: ARSC Journal 20-1, Spring 1989, pp 14-23
- Mc ... McIntosh Audio Compensator C-8 manual (1956). Please note that McIntosh lists all labels using "Columbia LP" curve with 750 Hz in error.
- mil ... Millennia Music and Media Systems manufacturer of LOCi pre-ampand other high end professional audio recording products. Their EQ chart was initially part of the manual of the LPE-2 pre-amp. A revised version was released in 2010 as “MM Legacy Recordings“ chart.
- mm ... MidiMagic is probably the most comprehensive and reliable websource. Data were researched in the 1970s and are based on publications of the 1950s.
- PC ...Peter Copeland, Manual of Analogue Sound Restoration Techniques, The British Library, 2014
- RB ... Richard Brice in PspatialAudio
- RF ... Russell Fisher / W.A.M.S.
- RM ... Robert C. Moyer, Evolution of a Recording Curve; in: Audio Engineering, vol.37, no.7, July 1953; pp 19-22, 53-54. (about "New Orthophonic" and previous RCA curves)
- TP ... Tom Packard of Packburn Electronics, Inc. Personal correspondence re Overtone.
- Discographical information about catalogue numbers, matrix numbers and release dates is based on Both Sides Now, The Online Discographical Project, 45worlds (who also show 78 rpm and LPs), Decca Classical discography by Philip Stuart (July 2009 edition], Record Information Services (post-war UK labels), Yale University, Music Cataloging, Grammophon-Platten.de (German/European labels) and Discogs (database and trading platform) as well as some discographies specialized on specific labels.
Recommended analog reference:
- James R. Powell, Jr. and Randall G. Stehle, "Playback Equalizer Settings for 78 RPM Recordings", Third Edition, Gramophone Adventures, Portage, MI, 1993, 2002, 2007. A compilation of Powell’s subjective recommendations of Owl 1 settings for approx. 1800 discs / 400 labels (mostly American and Jazz). Reprint of 3rd edition available at Nauck’s.
- Fritz Langford-Smith, Radiotron Designer's Handbook, Wireless Press, Sydney, Fourth edition, 1952.
- James Moir, High Quality Sound Reproduction, Chapman & Hall Ltd., London, 1958