The Quake Catcher Network is 6,000 tiny sensors, part of the densest networks of seismic sensors ever devoted to studying earthquakes, and it began rolling out in the San Francisco Bay Area where volunteer installers delivered 200 sensors to people who signed up to host them.
The researchers were interested in locating sensors near the Hayward Fault, which runs roughly northwest-southeast through the East Bay, because it is considered the fault most likely to generate a major earthquake in the Bay Area within the next 30 years. They hope to install more than 500 sensors in the Bay Area this year, shipping the majority to hosts for self-installation. Quake Catcher Network is developing complementary networks in Southern California, the Pacific Northwest, Anchorage, Salt Lake City and Memphis.
These regions are key because of their proximities to faults that have the potential to generate major earthquakes of magnitude 6.7 or above. The 1994 Northridge earthquake in Southern California was a magnitude 6.7 and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake in the Bay Area was a magnitude 6.9.
To volunteer, you need to have a computer, about 5 years old or less, running a Windows or Macintosh operating system, with a spare USB port to which the sensor can be connected. You'll need a constant Internet connection so that data from the sensor can periodically be sent to the project's server and a space on your floor about the size of a small Post-it Note for mounting the sensor. The USB port will provide power to the sensor, monitor any strong seismic shaking and upload data to the server when it recognizes a strong new signal that might be earthquake-related.
"We're looking for people to host the sensors for the duration of our project (three years), but we'll take any volunteers willing to host these sensors for over a year," said Jesse Lawrence, assistant professor of geophysics at Stanford University, where the project is based.
Maps of the target areas in the Bay Area and other parts of the country are on the project's web page so interested volunteers can get a rough idea of whether they might be eligible to host a sensor. The software runs in the background, typically using a very small amount of computing power but the sensors only work when the computer is on, so priority will be given to hosts with 24/7 computer usage with battery backup.
Installation takes just a few minutes, requiring only a quick dab of adhesive to attach the sensor to the floor while the computer is downloading the network's free software. The sensors can be easily removed. The Quake Catcher team has already installed more than 2,000 of earlier versions of the sensors in 67 countries around the world. The largest/densest networks were installed in Chile and New Zealand, both earthquake-prone countries. The older sensor models could detect a magnitude 2.6 earthquake at a distance of approximately five kilometers. The newer models, developed by O-NAVI, are more sensitive.
"This network will help us better understand the earthquake process, how the shaking that causes most of the damage radiates from the epicenter of the earthquake, and how to reduce the impacts of earthquakes," said Richard Allen, the director of the UC Berkeley Seismological Laboratory, who is participating in the project.
Because the sensors are constantly on the job, they will be able to send data to the project's server while an earthquake is happening. Soon, the server will be able to send out electronic notifications to anyone who has signed up to get the Quake Catcher mobile phone app or computer program.
"Seismic waves travel slower than Internet traffic, so notifications could reach some participants before the seismic waves do," said Cochran. "We are still investigating how reliable and accurate this process will be."
Half of the sensors are reserved for educational purposes and are available to K-12 teachers who apply to the program. The Quake Catcher team provides free educational software to help teachers demonstrate how earthquake motions are detected and monitored.
"With more sensors in high-rise buildings, earthquake engineers will be able to monitor the response of the buildings to earthquake shaking on spatial scales not currently possible" said Monica Kohler, a senior research fellow at Caltech.
The Quake Catcher Network operates on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing, which is the underlying architecture for dozens of scientific projects.
Other researchers integral to the Quake Catcher Network are Tom Heaton at the California Institute of Technology, Jack Baker and Carl Christensen at Stanford, Debi Kilb at UC-San Diego, and Michela Tauffer at the University of Delaware. The project is supported by the National Science Foundation.
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