DNA consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine
Blue print containing all the instructions needed for building the whole body. Contained in the nucleus of all cells
Steps of Protein Synthesis
1. RNA "unzips" the DNA double helix. 2. RNA nucleotides are put together to make mRNA. 3. mRNA leaves the nucleus to go to a ribosome in the cytoplasm 4. the ribosome matches up tRNA anticodons with the mRNA codons 5. each tRNA carries one amino acid 6. finally the amino acids are joined together to make a protein.
DNA vs RNA
RNA contains ribose instead of deoxyribose, RNA contains uracil instead of thymine like DNA, RNA is single-stranded rather than double-stranded like DNA, RNA is smaller than DNA, RNA can leave the nucleus but DNA cannot.
Process in which chromosomal DNA is copied before mitosis or meiosis. It is important for reproduction and growth.
Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms. This is important in the transfer of alleles for traits during reproduction.
Austrian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884)
Mendel's F1 Generation
The second generation in his experiments. The offspring of the first generation. All were homozygous, but the phenotype was the dominant trait and all contained the recessive trait as well.
Mendel's F2 Generation
Mendel self-pollinated the F1 generation. Their offspring (from F1) showed all possible combinations of the 2 characteristics. Some had green full pods, for example, and some had yellow constricted pods. These combinations were not present in the P or F1 generation.
Genotype vs Phenotype
genetic makeup of an organism vs external appearance of an organism that is determined by the individual's genotype. Ex. Genpype = Tt, Phenotype = Tall plant
Two brown eyed parents can have a blue eyed child. If brown is dominant over blue and both parents are heterozygous there is a 25% chance of the child having blue eyes.
Incomplete Dominance vs Codominance
ID: a new phenotype is expressed (different from parents) CoD: both parental phenotypes are expressed from the parents.
the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype.
Fruit Fly Life Cycle
1. egg (too small to see) 2. larva (crawls through food and grows) 3. Pupa (larva crawls up to a high point and forms a cocoon type shell) 4. Adult (emerges from pupa)
Fruit fly Genders
Male: smaller, sex comb on front legs, bristles, rounded abdomen. Female: larger, lighter abdomen, no bristles, no sex comb, pointed abdomen.
Fruit fly Crosses
We looked at the trait of wings in fruit flies. Flies without wings are apterous and flies with wings are wild. wild is dominant over apterous. We crossed heterozygous flies which had the genotype Ww and therefore the possibility of having offspring of both types. In this cross we found that approximately 25% of the offspring were apterous, which corresponds with Mendel's crosses of pea plants and our Punnet square predictions.