TO BURN OR NOT TO BURN: That Is The Etologhal Question
As many debates and questions surround the measures needed to prevent an oil spill, similar debates and questions surround the methods used to remove a pollutant once it is in the water. To help answer some questions a consortium of more than 25 agencies (see list) from Canada and the U.S. conducted a burn offshore Newfoundland under the auspices of NOBE, the Newfoundland Offshore Burn Experiment.
According to Joe Smith, special projects, Foss Environmental, the project has proven that burning is a viable solution to oil spill ^lean-up, and that it is also economical, saving the costs of recovery, transport and disposal. Foss Environmental was involved in the early development of fireproof boom development, which has helped make burning a tool for oil spill ;lean-up.
rHE RESULTS The burn involved the release of two oil spills of about 50 tons each into a fireproof boom. Each burn lasted more than an hour and was monitored for emissions and physical parameters. More than 200 sensors and samplers were employed, yielding more than 2,000 parameters and substances. In total, the operation included more than 20 vessels, seven aircraft and 230 people. From this trial, several important findings resulted: • The scaling up of results from burns conducted in test tanks to the full-scale offshore environment is not always appropriate, • Burning at sea is a feasible and practical oil spill countermeasure. The analytical data to date show that the emissions from the experiment were less than expected. Pollutants generated in the Newfoundland offshore burn were found to be at lower values than in previous pan tests, and while the reasoning is not yet fully understood, it appears that the offshore test resulted in more efficient combustion. Particles in the air were measured by several means, and found to be of concern only up to 490 ft. (150 m) downwind at sea level. Combustion gases, including carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide, reportedly did not reach levels of concern. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which were detected in high concentrations, however, were reportedly less than VOCs emitted from the non-burning spill. THE OPERATION The oil was released into a fireresistant boom, ignited with a Helitorch and burned. Air emissions were monitored down-wind from two remote-control boats, a research vessel and an airplane. The plume itself was sampled via remote-controlled helicopters and a tethered blimp. The fire-resistant boom was equipped with thermocouples to monitor temperatures of the flames and water temperatures directly underneath the fire. A remote-controlled submersible was deployed under the burning slick to monitor temperatures and take video footage.
A supply-type ship was used to release the oil, through a skimmer, so that in the event of a problem, the flow could be reversed and the oil recovered. In total, each spill encompassed about 50-cu.-m.
(10,000 Imperial gallons) of oil. The fire-resistant boom incorporated in the project was a commercial type, which included some experimental sections. An offshore back-up boom, loaded with sorbent, was deployed about one kilometer down current, to ensure any sheen was recovered. The fire-resistant boom was inspected after the first burn, and some signs of fatigue in the stainless steel core were observed, yet it was determined fit for the second burn. Following the second burn, the fire-resistant boom was again inspected and it was found that the prototype section with a middle tension member had lost three of its float logs. Inspection of this section at the factory showed it had not been properly constructed. The boom was in fair condition, but could not have been safely used as the apex for another burn. The temperature at the top of the fire boom often reached about 1,000°C and the temperatures below were substantially lower. The water showed no increase in water temperatures. For more information,