Flashcards in Mitochondria Deck (24)
1. Describe the origin, basic structure and fission/fusion of mitochondria.
2. Describe the basic machinery of mitochondria import.
3. State the basic principles of electron transport and ATP production in mitochondria
4. Explain the basic mechanisms of cell death regulation by mitochondria.
5. State the principles of mitochondria quality control.
6. Describe the role of mitochondria in senescence and some of the mitochondria-related diseases.
1) Generation of ATP
3) Regulation of intracellular Ca ions
The outer membrane of mitochondria is _____, which means what?
The inner membrane is ______, and have ____ channels.
Leaky. Small molecules found in the cytoplasm will also be found between the outer and inner membranes in the same concentrations.
Very tight, gated.
____% of mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the genome. The remainder are encoded by the mitochondrial dna.
GIP is import channel with "guge haping" hole in it. Where does it live and what does it do?
GIP (General Import Pore) is a non-gated always open channel in the outer mitochondrial membrane. Proteins chaperoned through, small molecules come through freely. Responsible for the cytosolic "matching" (leakiness) of the outer membrane.
!! ALSO known as TOM (chaperone proteins that encircle pore) !!
Since majority of mitochondrial proteins are encoded in nucleus, these proteins are synthesized in cytosol and imported via TOM (translocase of outer membrane) and TIM (translocase of inner membrane) complexes. Transport through TOM is ____, while transport through TIM is ____.
TOM=loosey goosey with big hole
TIM=Really tight channel with gate. ATP dependent
Proteins targeted to the mitochondria have a targeting sequence attached. This is called the ____. By what proteins is it recognized?
Mitochondrial Targeting Sequence
How do TIM23 and TIM22 allow large proteins to come through the pore without any leakiness of small ions?
mtHSP70 (not to be confused with cytosolic HSP70) literally pulls them through forcefully, denaturing them as necessary. The large proteins thus plug the hole allowing the tightly gated channels to retain membrane integrity. [mtHSP70 is an ATPase.]
"Shove the protein in, close the pore"
Mutations that inhibit mitochondrial fusion will result in ______?
A variety of different neuropathies. Neuronal transport is very ATP dependent. Mitochondria fusion/fission is very important.
Mutations in OPA1 gene causes? (not LO)
autosomal dominant optic atrophy
Mutations in Mfn2 gene causes? (not LO)
Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 2A
Anaerobic metabolism of glucose metabolism leads to _____?
2 pyruvate. O2 independent. Occurs in the cytosol.
Citric acid cycle generates? Where does this occur?
Inside inner mitochondrial membrane.
Oxidative phosphorylation does/does not create ATP directly.
Does not. Responsible for reducing NAD and FAD, as well as creating the proton gradient
Oxidative phosphorylation has how many subunits? What generally happens?
4. Each pumps a proton and donates an electron to the next subunit. By running electrons through, move 3 protons from the inner space to the outer space, and use one proton from inner space to make one water. Inner space is poorer by 4 protons, outer space is richer by 3. (change of 7 protons)
Every spin of ATP synthetase makes ____ ATP.
1. alpha subunit seems to do the work, be the important part
Role of Mitochondria in Cell Death
1) Regulation of cytosolic calcium
2) Generation of reactive oxygen (ROS)
3) Supply of energy
4) Release of cytochrome c and activation of apoptosome
Cytochrome C is present in the ____ in a healthy cell.
Inner mitochondrial membrane.
If Cytochrome C in the cytosol is oxidated, the cell will ____. Reduced Cytochrome C in the cytosol will____.
Die via apoptosis; revert to a living cell, not undergo apoptosis. ATP is required to reduce cytochrome C (necrosis = no ATP so cannot reverse)
At what 3 levels are mitochondria controlled (quality control?)
Molecular, organellular, cellular.
Regarding mitochondrial quality control: Several mitochondrial proteases, such as (3) are responsible for recognizing and degrading misfolded proteins. Second, damage mitochondria can be “fixed” by (2). Finally, if mitochondria damage is extensive, mitochondria induces ____.
mAAA, iAAA and Lon
fusing with healthy mitochondria, or can be eliminated by mitophagy
apoptotic cell death
Damaged mitochondria not only is uncapable of producing ATP, but also generate excessive amounts of ____.
reactive oxygen (ROS)
[ROS causes cell damage and senescence by oxidating various cellular proteins, lipids and DNA.]
What are the spatial locations of iAAA, mAAA, and Lon?
iAAA = outer face of inner membrane
mAAA = inner face of inner membrane
Lon = inside inner membrane space