Gold is for the mistress -- silver for the maid --
Copper for the craftsman cunning at his trade.
"Good!" said the Baron, sitting in his hall,
"But Iron -- Cold Iron -- is master of them all."
What is a Blacksmith
A Blacksmith makes many kinds of tools and other objects out of metal. He heats the metal in the forge to make it soft, and then hammers it on an Anvil to shape it. The first metals used were Bronze and Iron. Iron was found to be more readily available and cheaper to produce. Its properties were more useful and desirable than Bronze. Iron is still used today but is nearly always alloyed with carbon to make steel, the steel can then be mixed or alloyed with other metals such as nickel to make steels with special properties. There are two main methods of metalworking used to produce decorative and functional items.....Forging and casting.
Iron was smelted from the ore in a blast furnace and the molten iron allowed to run from the furnace into a bed of sand. There were shallow gutters shaped in the sand with several channels diverting from the main gutter to form a herringbone pattern. The iron was allowed to set hard in these channels. The iron could then be broken into manageable pieces for re-work. These channels were said to resemble the shape of a sow suckling her litter, so the iron was given the name "pig iron". This type of iron was high in carbon and therefore very brittle when solid. It could not be hammered, but it could be re-melted and cast into moulds and also heat treated to make it even harder and more wear resistant. This became known as "CAST IRON"
Cast iron could be re-melted and "puddled" in a special furnace to produce wrought iron. This furnace allowed the metal to be heated and the carbon and other impurities drawn off from the molten metal, it was also stirred or "puddled" with a rod to help with the process. The semi- molten metal was then dragged from the furnace in large lumps and hammered under a steam or water powered hammer or even by hand with sledge hammers. This would then be rolled in different shaped rollers to give various stock bar sizes. Wrought means literally "by hand". As this process was done mainly by hand, this metal was named "WROUGHT IRON". This was the metal of the blacksmiths craft and anything produced with it was known as wrought iron work. Today this metal is now extinct and has been superceded by steel, but decorative forged work is still known as wrought ironwork.
The role of the Blacksmith
The role of the Black smith was very diverse not only was he the local toolmaker and "engineer" he was sometimes called upon to act as Dentist, Doctor, Undertaker,Veterinary surgeon and horse dealer. He would also usually hold important offices in the village such as magistrate or Church warden. He would be the obvious choice for these positions as his job demanded a certain level of intelect, numeracy skills and business sense.
The age of the horse was a great source of employment for the old time Blacksmiths and the decline of horses being used for transport and labour has brought about the demise of the traditional country smithy.
The Blacksmith was at the heart of every country village and was very often thought of as a magician, due mostly to his mastery of iron working and the ability to understand the metallurgy of the iron that he used. He knew how to alloy the iron with carbon to produce small amounts of "crucible steel". This could be hardened and tempered to hold a cutting edge. Carbon could be added to iron by heating the iron in a metal box containing a carbon rich compound such as bone dust or powdered hooves and allowing to "cook" for several hours. This would give a hard casing to the object and is called CASE HARDENING. These secret processes were responsible for many Blacksmiths being burnt as witches and wizards. Some villages banned Blacksmithing as a black art in the middle ages with anyone caught practicing the craft being put to death. What went on in the darkness of the smithy was a mystery to most people. Many stories evolved about the man of fire, and some people say that this is where the stories of the Devil in burning hell started.
Blacksmiths were once employed to mend carts and wagons, to make the wheel bonds (metal tyres) that would be shrunk onto the wheels and naves (hubs) of cartwheels, to provide the horse shoes and fit them, to make countless designs of horse drawn implements and associated draught gear...................the list goes on. These skills along with those of armourer, bladesmith, chainmaker, nailmaker, tool maker, rivetmaker and swordsmith have now been consigned largely to the history books.
On a more practical day to day level, the Blacksmiths Knew how to keep a fire going all year round, so he was often asked to make space near his forge or even in a seperate brick or stone box, which in time became known as an oven, for bread to be baked or meat to be roasted. We know that in later times when the Blacksmith stopped work for the day, the hot coals were scooped up and rushed to the Bakery to heat the ovens to bake the bread. In many communities bread was baked at night using the hot embers from the smithy.
Simon specializes in craftsmans tools. Thatchers, wheelwrights, stone masons, they have all become specialist crafts with all tools being made to order as they are no longer always available to buy as standard. Simon also makes replica tools, weapons and other artifacts that are used by history groups to re-enact famous battles or life scenes to show how people lived in the past. He also makes items used in museums and by Archaeologists to re-creat and study experimental Archaeology.
So what is the History of the Blacksmith?
The skills probably began in what we call the "Iron age". Someone obviously discovered that some types of rock would give up a substance when exposed to high heat that would become solid when cooled. This substance could be used to make simple tools like knives and scrapers and eventually spear and arrow heads that were much tougher and sharper than stone. A simple process to produce wrought iron, that we now call direct reduction, was in use in the middle East more than four thousand years ago.
Nothing much changed for hundreds of years until it was discovered how to make charcoal to burn at very high temperatures and how to find and extract better quality iron from the ore. The earliest method of producing Iron was a small furnace built of clay called a bloomery, the fuel was charcoal, made to burn hotter by using manually operated bellows. Small pieces of Iron ore were placed in with the charcoal, and after several hours a small piece of "fist sized" iron was produced called a bloom. The bloom could then be hammered into the desired shape to produce tools and weapons.Blacksmiths suddenly became very important and as the production of iron increased more uses were found for it, this also meant that new skills to work it were being learned and developed. Ironmaking spread across Europe and eventually reached Britain by about 450BC.
When the Romans colonised Britain, Iron production was already well established, they built on the already thriving industry to produce weapons and agricultural tools and implements. Centres of the industry were established in the Weald area of Sussex, South Wales and the Forest of Dean. After the Romans left in about 410 AD there were no further major advances in production until the bloomeries were able to be increased in size from the Thirteenth Century onwards by the use of water power. This meant that bigger bellows could be operated by a water wheel and large trip or tilt hammers could be built to hammer out the larger blooms. The whole process was now well on its way to being mechanised. In parallel the Blacksmiths were also becoming specialised and more in demand to produce weapons, armour and tools. Smiths were now also beginning to be called armourers, bladesmiths, swordsmiths, nailmakers and chainmakers branching out from the trade of general Smith. The Worshipful Company of Blacksmiths was formed in the year 1299.
Blacksmiths were now in their heyday with their own trade guilds and Worshipful Company producing not only functional and decorative items in Iron, but horse shoes and agricultural machinery, with the Worshipful Company of Farriers being formed in 1356 in the City of London.
The next major step was the introduction of the blast furnace, the first one being set up in Newbridge Sussex in 1496, and was to supersede the bloomery completely. Large quantities of cast iron could now be produced, but at first only a small number of applications were found for it, such as casting cannon balls and cannon (the first recorded use of a furnace for casting cannon being in East Sussex in 1543), so most of it was converted to Wrought Iron.
The advances in Iron production that were made in the late 1700's started what is now termed as the industrial revolution, and was responsible for the conversion of a manual labour based production system to one of complete mechanisation, cast and wrought iron was now being used to make these machines that would eventually cause the demise of hand-crafted work and would eventually signal the end of the road for the traditional worker in Iron.
Henry Bessemer took out a patent to produce steel from pig iron in 1855, this could produce steel far more effectively and cheaper than it was to produce wrought iron. By 1975 Wrought Iron was no longer being produced and is now classed as an extinct material. Small amounts are still sold that are produced from re-processed scrap Wrought-Iron, it is approximately ten times the price of steel.Decorative ironwork is still described today as wrought ironwork.
Today we have many materials that are lighter and stronger than the metals used in the past. Many materials are used today instead of metal because they are cheaper to produce and their properties are more reliable. We now have plastics and resins that are far stronger and cheaper to produce in large quantities.
All this means that the traditional role of the Blacksmith in the community has all but gone. He is rarely needed because we no longer live in a world where we would use what he made in our everyday lives. Those Blacksmiths that have found enough work to make a living today have become very specialized in what they produce.
So Blacksmithing is a very old craft with a long tradition. There were once Blacksmiths in every Village and town but there are now few left. Learning about the craft and tradition is a valuable way to find out about everyday life through history as there have always been Blacksmiths, and the skills they developed and the objects they created all tell their story.
Happily, Blacksmithing is undergoing a revival in interest, with several colleges now offering qualifications in forgework in conjunction with the City and Guilds institute. To see Blacksmiths at their best, go to any one of the nine agricultural shows that host a qualifying heat for the National Blacksmiths Competition. Any Blacksmith proud of his or her trade will be pleased to answer any questions or give advice or information on where to find out more about the craft or where to go to learn how to do it for yourself.
Traditional hand forged tools
Forged tools used by Thatchers and other specialised craftspeople have evolved over the centuries, borne of necessity and conceived at the hands of a skilled artisan called a Blacksmith, who often worked from a smithey that was little more than a small shed in a close knit village community. These "ramshackle" workshops were the hub of the village and very often the forerunners of large modern day engineering businesses. The Blacksmiths shop was not only a much valued village business, but a meeting place where all the local gossip would be exchanged and many business deals made. The reliance on horsepower provided the main source of business and the tired animals could be seen waiting to be shod, tethered, underneath the chestnut tree so synonymous with old time forges and grown especially for shading the old workhorses from the elements. Horse drawn implements were also made, repaired and invented by the Blacksmith, some even diversified into agricultural machinery production, one of the most famous of these Blacksmiths being John Deere in America. Blacksmiths were, and still are, proud craftsmen intent on doing a good job that will last a lifetime, whether producing a hand-forged nail or a gate for a country estate, every job is given the same level of attention to detail making it fit for the purpose for which it was intended. The old time smiths used to say that "a job well done is a job never seen again", and to some extent they were right, with only the shoeing of horses being repeat business. Almost every other job was designed, and made, to outlast the user and finished to a high quality that would reflect the skill, expertise and devotion to perfection, practised by these conscientious Craftspeople.
The bespoke work that was once carried out on a small scale in the Village forge was eventually swallowed up by large companies of edge tool makers operating from the Cities, employing hundreds of workers and virtually making the individual local toolmaker redundant. This "mass production" had a devastating effect on the small local economy, hugely undercutting prices, watering down the quality of product and forcing the traditional Village Blacksmith as a worker in Iron, with his own shop in the village, to all but disappear. With the demise of horsepower, some Blacksmiths diversified into motor repairs, with the premises eventually becoming garage workshops, but most have gone altogether with a house name such as "The old Forge" or "Smithy cottage" being the only reminder that here once was a thriving business, run by a man who was a central figure in the community. A man who was not only a Blacksmith, but at times, a farrier, wheelwright, carpenter, veterinary surgeon, barber, doctor, dentist, undertaker and horse dealer.
When the farming and mining industries became more heavily mechanised in the 1950's and 60's, the need for hand tools decreased putting many of the larger and well known toolmakers into receivership. Others like Spear and Jackson and Tyzack, still survive to this day, although the range of tooling produced is smaller than in the boom times. Consequently the range of tools manufactured was condensed into the more lucrative and popular everyday lines, with the production of the more specialist tools ceasing altogether.
This has consequently meant a disaster for trades, such as the Thatching industry, that were reliant on the products that were conceived and developed in the Blacksmiths forge. This disaster has only recently been realised by the apparent lack of suitable replacement tools being available. Many thatchers are using edge tools such as shear hooks, sparhooks and eaves knives that were purveyed in the times when tools were hand made, and are now, after constant use, coming to the end of their working life. We are beginning to see knives made from old wood saws and petrol hedge cutters being used to trim thatch, and although these might do the job, we
must ask ourselves, can any craft that is no longer employing traditional tools and methods be described accurately as "a traditional craft".
Being a minority group, skilled craftsmen have to work extremely hard to maintain the high standards that have come to be expected from a reputation
built up, sometimes over centuries, by successive masters of their craft, and this means using the correct tools for the job.
Typically of the traditional craftsmen that still survive in the UK, there is Simon Grant-Jones, a Blacksmith, and a link to the past that is as genuine and true to history that modern times will allow. The commissions that Simon receives vary widely, with the bulk of his work being made up of the manufacture of special tools for traditional craftsmen and Women to enable them to maintain an established way of working and continue to make their living in the time-honoured way. Everyone is now beginning to realise that modern is not necessarily better and Simon tries to work as closely as possible to the original methods to produce tooling that will last a lifetime and probably more.
"All of our craftsman's tools have been developed in consultation with recognised professionals and the designs have been tried and tested over several years with many satisfied customers" said Simon.
Thatching tools are a speciality and the shear hooks in particular were painstakingly researched and developed over a number of years in order to get the correct "set" on the blade to enable it to cut correctly and to be comfortable to work with. Blades are hand-forged from a medium carbon tool steel and hardened and tempered in the fire using traditional methods. All finished blades are given Simon's own personal stamp and fitted with either a proprietary standard handle, or a hand-made handle from a local native hardwood such as Ash or Oak. The only modern touch is to thread the end of the tang and secure the handle with a nut to allow it to be easily changed or repaired without having to re-forge the tang.
Tools are not mass produced or machine finished, but individually hand-wrought and finished at the forge. Due to the personal relationship that most craftsmen have with their tools, Simon will also copy existing tooling to get as close a copy as possible, although allowances must be made for the original sizes of blades before the years of sharpening had reduced them to their present size.
Forging edged tools
The amount of carbon in Steel determines whether it can be hardened or not. Wrought iron was 99% pure iron and therefore could not be hardened, Steel is, in layman's terms, Iron alloyed with carbon, and with the right amount of carbon content, can be hardened to take a cutting edge. When wrought iron was forge-welded to a carbon steel core it provided the perfect flexible "backbone" to produce a superior edge tool. Up until about the 1950's, blades were made from carbon steel sandwiched between two layers of wrought iron. This allowed the edge to be hard yet supported on both sides by a softer layer of Iron. This process was widely used for most edge tools and gave a bi-metal blade with a steel core that could be hardened and tempered to different degrees of hardness to produce a tool for different applications e.g. for use in agriculture, and for cutting different types of materials such as wood, leather or stone. The union of soft iron and hardened steel proved to be a combination that would greatly extend the life of the blade and would often allow it to outlast several generations of user. This process has been in existence for thousands of years and has its origins in ancient Damascus where weapons were hand forged, fire-welded and folded together from alternate layers of a type of carbon steel and soft iron. This method is still used today, but mainly to produce decorative collector's blades, and can also be known as pattern welded or Damascus steel.
Contemporary carbon steels are produced with a scientific chemical composition that tailors each type of steel to a particular job. We now have low carbon, medium carbon, high carbon, high speed, spring and air hardening steels, to name a few. This means that the skill of the bladesmith is no longer needed in preparing the raw material prior to forging.
Most modern Shearing Hook blades start from flat bars about 30mm wide by 5mm thick and are then forged out to the correct width and thickness for the type of finished blade that they will become. The tang (the part of the blade that fits into the handle) is forged, and the blade, in the case of shearhooks, bent to the correct shape and cutting angle. The blades are rough ground and then hardened and tempered in the fire to hold a cutting edge. The tang is then gently warmed to allow it to burn its way through a pre-drilled hole in the handle. This is particularly important for sparhooks (a small version of a Billhook used just for making spars) to ensure that the flat tang does not twist in the handle when splitting the gads (lengths of hazel that will be split to become spars). The blade is then finish ground and oiled.
Hardening the blade
The hardening process consisted of heating the blade to a cherry red temperature and quenching. Some blades were hardened in water or brine and some were hardened using other mediums such as mineral oil, whale oil, or peanut oil in the USA.
This made the blade as hard as it could possibly get and was very often too hard or brittle to be used without breaking. Blades that were bi-metallic with a steel core as previously described, needed no tempering as the wrought iron outer layers held the core together and allowed flexibility of the blade without fracturing. Blades that were made from just carbon steel needed what is termed as a "temper", in effect, some of the hardness needed to be sacrificed to make the blade softer and more malleable so that it did not break, but leaving enough toughness so that it could still do its job effectively. Hard enough to do the job but not too hard that it would crack under stress. The steel was said to either have a good or bad temper depending on the success of the tempering process, a term that has become firmly embedded in the English language to describe human characteristics.
Most Blacksmiths had their own methods of hardening and tempering and they would often lock the doors when this operation was being carried out to stop others stealing their trade secrets. The secret art was to gauge exactly the right temperature to re-heat blades so that the correct degree of hardness could be achieved without making the blade useless. Some of the methods that evolved used known constant temperatures to apply to the steel to check the correct temperature to quench the blade, for example, a pine stick could be held onto a heating blade, and when the stick started to char, a temperature of approximately 280-290 degrees Celsius (536-554 degrees Fahrenheit) was reached. The flashpoints of the various oils used were also measured. The steel blade would be hardened in oil and then the oily blade would be re-heated over the fire until the oil reached its flashpoint. It would then be quenched again to give the correct temper.
Mechanisation and more accurate processes have mostly replaced these old time hand skills, but the time honoured methods are still used by traditional Blacksmiths that are continuing to produce traditional tools by hand
It is important to our heritage that British craftsmanship should never lose sight of the traditionalism and methods of working that have been invented, tried and tested by successive generations of our forebears, those same forebears whose skills were responsible for building an Empire and whose ingenuity made England one of the most successful nations on the planet. They often fought and died to protect their craft, their ideas and their business and if successive generations are allowed to practice these ancient crafts without proper training, guidance and support, continuity of skill will be lost and future generations will not know any different. A hand-made job will inevitably cost more than something that is mass produced, but any craftsman or women passionate about their trade will impart their spirit, as well as their skill, into that piece of work, a spirit that you won't find from a factory made product. Ask the craftsman where they trained, enquire more about their craft and be proud to pay a handsome price for a job well done.
Simon grant-Jones AWCB, CERT.Ed. MIfl (2011)
Please credit the source, inbound links are welcome
Simon has collaborated with Adrian Wood to create the multimedia e-book "about the blacksmith". This is a detailed research into both the history of the Blacksmith's craft and how the Blacksmith works today.
Click on the link or the picture to download