Renal Colic is the term used to describe pain caused by kidney stones. Kidney stones can block the ureter (the tube from each kidney to the bladder). The blockage causes spasm of the muscles of the ureter, and this is called “renal colic.” (There are other causes of renal colic apart from stones but most doctors use the term renal colic to describe pain caused by stones).
The pain is typically comes on suddenly and is felt as pain in the loin (the flank – underneath the ribs) that comes in waves. However, the precise location of the pain depends on the level at which the stone obstructs the ureter. The stone can obstruct the ureter where it connects to the kidney, or the middle of the ureter (its most narrow part) or at the bottom of the ureter where it connects with the bladder (the most common location). So pain may be felt higher up in the loin, in the middle of the loin, or lower down towards the pelvis if the obstruction is lower.
The diagnosis is confirmed by testing the urine for blood and then some sort of imaging test. The imaging test could be a plain xray, ultrasound (both would often be combined), and/or a CT scan. The CT scan is the most sensitive test.
Stones most often pass spontaneously – good news as you won’t need any intervention. The chances of stones passing on their own are highest for stones found at the bottom of the ureter, and for smaller stones. So when you get your investigation results, ask how big the stone is, and where it was located.
Overall, though, 85% of stones pass spontaneously if enough time is given. Almost all stones less than 5mm will pass on their own. Those more than 10mm may not and will need referral to a urologist. Intervention will depend mainly on time (stones not passed within 4-6 weeks on their own are unlikely to do so) and pain.
So, what is the intervention that may be used? The obvious ones are shockwave therapy (lithotripsy) or by grabbing it from the ureter (uteroscopy) which are procedures carried out by a urologist.
The good news, though, is emerging evidence that a medicine can help expel stones (nifedpine or an “alpha blocker”), and a GP or Urologist might prescribe these medicines for stones near the bladder that are 5-10mm in diameter because those <5mm are likely to pass on their own anyway, and the bigger ones or those higher up more likely to need help from a urologist.
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