The Tragedy of the Wild Parrot Trade
It’s hard to think of an image that conveys a feeling of freedom and pure pleasure as much as much as a bird soaring through the skies does, wings outstretched. Birds, with the spectacular engineering of their wings and their distinctly non-mammalian nature, are enigmatic and alluring to many of us. Personally, I can’t help but stare at the brilliant red cardinals that dart past me, each and every time I see one, or the hawks circling gracefully above whenever I’m out of the city.
Birds are of this world, of course, but they also seem to be of another. Parrots in particular—with their often wild, technicolor plumage and extravagantly rounded beaks that seem to curl upward into a smile—are the perfect example of beings that seem like they could have been created solely with an artist’s brush, but they are real, they are of us. There are an estimated 330 species of parrots worldwide, their natural habitat the tropical and semi-tropical regions across the world, from New Zealand to Senegal.
It is estimated that 40 million parrots live in U.S. households.
Humans have a tendency to value and respect other animals who we think mirror our own emotional world and display an essential nature we can relate to and identify with: think of the “smile” of a dolphin jumping over waves with his pod, the triumphant pride of a dog when he catches a ball in midair, even the noble tenacity of an ant struggling under the weight of the crumb it carries back to the anthill. We anthropomorphize such beings, interpret them through our lens, see them as imbued with human traits. In the avian world, with their fierce intelligence, frequent gift for mimicry and expressive, curious faces that intrigue and amuse us, parrots are especially popular as household birds. They are also, in turn, very vulnerable to human exploitation in the form of the brutal wild parrot trade.
According to Juan Carlos Cantu, Director of Defenders of Wildlife in Mexico, the illegal parrot trade industry is the second biggest threat to wild parrot populations, second only to habitat loss. Several species have declined dramatically in population due to this trade, and unless a concerted, effective intervention is underway, it is expected that these species will become extinct in the wild within the next 10 to 20 years.
Jammed into tubes or crowded into cages without adequate food, water and ventilation, 75% of Mexico’s wild-caught parrots, Cantu estimates, die before ever reaching market. Thanks to increased public awareness, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES, which is considered largely ineffective by many advocates), and the Wild Bird Conservation Act of 1992, the import of almost all wild parrots is prohibited in the United States, except for those from countries with approved management, conservation, or captive breeding programs.
Numbers of imported parrots have fallen from 150,000 in 1990 to 17,000 today, but wild-captured parrots are still smuggled into this country illegally, and international trade remains a devastating threat to wild populations. Part of a dangerous, often violent underground industry, poachers illegally trap between 65,000 and 78,500 wild parrots every year in Mexico alone.
For the small percentage of parrots that don’t die of shock or stress, Texas is the frequent destination of wild-caught parrots illegally trapped in Mexico and smuggled into the U.S. They are concealed in virtually any sort of container that will hold them—hubcaps, thermoses, glove compartments, tire wells—and they are secreted over the border in a hot, perilous journey. Many of the parrots are drugged and have their beaks taped shut to make them less easily detected.
Collectors, breeders and the retail pet industry do not drive this underground market as much as consumer demand does. This is big business: trade in wild animals internationally is estimated to be around $25 billion a year, an estimated one-third of it illegal trade. According to the Animal Law Coalition, a U.N. report found that the sale of wild-caught animals follows only drugs and arms trafficking in the amount of illegal trade it represents. Wild-captured parrots, especially large macaws and rare native birds, can command anywhere from $500 to $1,000,000. The European Union, with fewer restrictions than the U.S. market, is now the largest market for wild-trapped parrots, with most birds captured in Mexico and Central and South America.
Captive breeding of parrots is also a cruel and irresponsible industry, according to Mira Tweti, Zen Buddhist nun and author of Of Parrots and People: The Sometimes Funny, Always Fascinating, and Often Catastrophic Collision of Two Intelligent Species. Parrots are very intelligent, complex birds with specific cognitive, social, and physiological needs, and this is often downplayed by the pet industry to appeal to people who just want a beautiful talking bird. It is mistakenly assumed that these captive-bred birds are more domesticated than their wild-caught counterparts. This is untrue; they are every bit as wild.
Many people who purchase parrots from breeders or pet stores do not realize, for example, that these birds need lots of stimulation or they may be driven to self-mutilation, that they are deeply social animals—they are flock birds, after all—requiring lots of interaction, that they are messy, often loud, prefer to knock everything onto the floor, and they can turn to aggression when their needs are not met. Many also have a naturally long life span, some living up to the age of 80. The inevitable consequence of all this is that many parrots wind up confined to inadequate cages (Tweti writes, “Isolating a parrot in a cage is the antithesis of its natural state. It is, plain and simple, avian abuse”), set loose outdoors or unnecessarily euthanized.
Despite this bleak picture, there is a lot we can do.
If you know someone who is interested in bringing a parrot into his home, urge him to spend some time educating himself on the specific needs and habits of parrots as they are highly intelligent but also high maintenance creatures, birds that deserve a lifetime commitment.
Second, as animal advocates frequently do with dogs and cats, please urge this person to adopt. There are countless beautiful parrots who were given up by people who didn’t educate themselves properly, and there are parrot adoption networks throughout the country.
Third, consider donating your time and money to rescue organizations. Many organizations are on a shoestring budget and the smallest donation stretches far: volunteers are frequently needed for fostering, caring for, and socializing these beautiful birds.
Also, please consider giving to Eco-Libris, an organization that plants a tree for each book you purchase for a small fee, thus helping to restore depleted wild habitats damaged by the wild animal trade.
Polly doesn’t want a cracker. Polly wants to be wild, free, and safe. The wild-caught parrot trade depends on consumer ignorance and apathy to fulfill supply and demand. Please educate others about this appallingly cruel industry.
Images: Green-cheeked amazon parrot—Eric and David Hosking/Corbis; two eclectus parrots (Lorius roratus), Australia—Art Wolfeâ€”Stone/Getty Images; a feral female rose-ringed, or ring-necked, parakeet (Psittacula krameri), London, Eng.—Â© iStockphoto/Thinkstock; parrot (macaw), Brazil—Brand X Pictures/Punchstock.
To Learn More
- Mira Tweti, Of Parrots and People: The Sometimes Funny, Always Fascinating, and Often Catastrophic Collision of Two Intelligent Species
- Website for the film The Parrots of Telegraph Hill
- WWF, Parrot Trade FAQs
- 10,000 Birds Blog, “Fly Free: Fighting the Wild-Caught Parrot Trade”
- Defenders of Wildlife, Defenders magazine article, “Mexico’s Parrot Trade Exposed”
- Mongabay.com article on Mexico’s role in the illegal parrot trade
- Animal Law Coalition article, “Parrot Smuggling”
- Parrot Adoption Directory from the Parrot Adoption Education Program