A DICTIONARY OF THE JEWISH SURNAMES IN BULGARIA
Mathilde A. Tagger
The Jewish surnames found in the ex-Ottoman Empire, or more precisely in the Balkans, have not been the
topic of any comprehensive published research. The three exceptions are: the booklet of Asher Moissis1
on the names of the Jews of
Greece that is far from being complete and the Sephardic Onomasticon
by Baruh Pinto2
on Turkish Jews in which the author
tends too much to find a nonexistent Hebrew root. In 1967, Isaac Moskona3
published a long article in the Bulgarian Annual
Publication of the Social Cultural and Educational Association of the Jews in the People?s Republic of Bulgaria. This was
the first attempt to cover all the Jewish surnames of this community that numbered about 50,000 souls in 1939. Isaac Moskona
compiled a list of 509 different surnames based on three sources dating from 1895 to 1967 and gave a meaning for less
than half of them.
The present research covers 798 surnames. The additional ones were mainly found in the collective passports
of Bulgarian Jews when they immigrated to Israel from October 1948 to June 1949. Microfilms of these passports are part
of the collection of the Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People in Jerusalem.
Each wave of migration to Bulgaria brought its own group of surnames to the country although each one included Hebrew names.
- The Romaniote Jews were first attested in Bulgaria in the 2nd century. They came from Eretz Israel after the destruction of the 2nd Temple. Their surnames are of Hebrew or Greek origin.
- In 1376 Hungarian Jews were expelled from their country and some found refuge in Bulgaria. They had no surnames and on their arrival they were given nicknames, mostly in Turkish.
- In 1394 Jews were expelled from France. They moved mainly to Germany and Spain but some reached Bulgaria via the Danube. Their surnames reflected the country or the locality from which they came.
- King Ludwig X expelled the Bavarian Jews from his kingdom in 1470. Many of them settled in Bulgarian localities along the Danube and in Sofia, the capital. Many of them had no surname and got nicknames, most of them in Turkish
- Following the generous offer made by the Ottoman Sultan Bayazid II, Jews expelled from Spain in 1492 also reached Bulgaria. Apparently the Spanish Jews arrived in Bulgaria after 1494, settling in the trading towns in which Jews were already living. These immigrants quickly became the majority and the leaders of the whole Jewish community. This status was the basis for their great influence in the country and eventually the other Jewish communities accepted their spiritual and economic leadership. During the next 150-200 years, all the communities, even the descendants of the Hungarian and German Jews, merged into the Sephardic community and Ladino became the common language. The surnames of the Spanish Jews were of Hebrew, Arabic, Spanish and Portuguese origins.
- Jews from Sicily, then part of the Aragon Kingdom, reached the territories of the Ottoman Empire as they were expelled soon after the Spanish Jews in 1493. Many of their surnames are Italian.
- During the rule of Pope Pius V between 1566 and 1574, a new wave of immigrants, now mostly from Calabria, in Italy, reached Bulgaria with their Italian and Hebrew surnames.
- As Bulgaria was part of the Ottoman Empire during the years 1378-1878, the Turkish language had a great influence on the whole population and on the Jewish community in it. Even the Ladino spoken there has been enriched with common Turkish words. So it is no wonder that 9% of the surnames of Turkish origin were found among Bulgaria Jews..
- Ashkenazi Jews arrived in the country at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th from the surrounding countries: Ukraine, Rumania and Russia. We will not speak of them as there are excellent sources4 for learning about them.
- After the 500 year long Turkish occupation Bulgaria got its independence in 1878. A new era began: the Bulgarian language and culture became part of the everyday life and the Jews adopted it as their mother tongue. The ‘Bulgarization’ of the surnames began to occur when in schools, in the army and in other official governmental institutions the usual Bulgarian suffix ‘ov’ or ‘ev’ was formally introduced and stuck to names. The process became especially faster and easier after Jews were recruited in the army.
- The details given for each surname are as follows: (1) the surname, (2) all its variants, (3) the language it derives
from, (4) its meaning, (5) a reference to its historical background in medieval Spain, when available. These references are
all part of Spain databases found in http://www.sephardicgen.com/databases/databases.html
- Unfortunately, eight surnames remained of unknown language and/or meaning.
- Some rules of transliteration used in the dictionary:
- The letter H which doesn’t exist in the Cyrillic alphabet is usually transliterated by Kh. Nevertheless
efforts were made to preserve the traditional spellings of the names. Surnames that used to be written as Hasdai, Hassid,
Hasson, Semah etc., and in which the H is a soft guttural letter, have been transliterated with an H. In the other
surnames using the usual guttural.letters, Kh was used.
- The Bulgarian letter Ш for the SH sound has been transliterated as such. French CH and German SCH have not
been taken into account. Example: Aguadish
- The Bulgarian letter ж for J sound has been transliterated as such. The French letter G has not been taken
into account. Example: Adjiman
- The Bulgarian letter K has been transliterated by a C in the cases of surnames originating in Latin languages
such as Confino. For surnames originating in other languages such as Hebrew, Turkish etc. the letter K has been used
as in Kalev or Kuyumdjiiski.
. Yehudei Bulgaria - Kehilat Shumla
. Tel Aviv, 1969.(Hebrew) (Jews of Bulgaria ? [Shumla] Shumen community).
. Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora, vol.X
. Tel Aviv,1967. 1018p. 2° (Hebrew).
. Toldot Yehudei Ruschuk
. Tel Aviv, 2002. (Hebrew) [The History of the Jews of Ruschuk, Bulgaria] (Includes a list of surnames found in Ruschuk.)
. The Shumen Jewish community
. Jerusalem. Sharsheret HaDorot
: Vol.16, No.4, 2000. (Includes List of surnames of Jewish burials).
. The Names of the Janina Jews
. New York, The Sephardic Scholar
, Series 3: 9-23, 1977-1978.
. Le livre des Prénoms du Monde Arabe
. Casablanca, Eddif, 1999.(French)
. Hamilon Hahadash; Musaf: yalkut shemot pratiim
. Jerusalem, Kiriat Sefer, 1970.(Hebrew)[ The New Dictionary; Supplement: Compilation of Given Names)
France. La Poste
. Code Postal. Paris, 1996. 771p.
. Origine des Noms des Israélites de Turquie
. In: Histoire des Israélites de l?Empire Ottoman. Paris, Dularcher, 1899. p.284-285. (French)
. Histoire des Juifs de Turquie
. Istanbul, 1940. 9v. (French)
. Algo di la istoriya di la comunidad israelita di Vidin
. Sofia, 1894. (Judeo-Spanish ? Rashi letters). [On the history of the Jewish community of Vidin].
Hanks, Patrik & Flavia Hodges
. A dictionary of First Names
. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1994.
. Dictionnaire étymologique de noms de famille français d?origine étrangère et régionale
. Paris, L?Harmattan, 1997. (French)
Kaganoff, Benzion C
. A Dictonary of Jewish Names & Their History
. New York, Jason Aronson, 1996.
. Korot yehudei bulgaria
. Tel Aviv, Davar, 1969. 5v. (Hebrew) [The History of the Jews of Bulgaria]
. Les noms des Juifs du Maroc
. Madrid, Instituto Arias Montana, 1978. (French)
. Les noms des Israélites de France
. Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1960. (French)
. Liste nominative des Juifs de Barcelone
. Paris. Revue des Etudes Juives, 1882, 4:57-77. (French) [List of names of Barcelona Jews].
. Ta Onomata ton Evraion Sta Jannina
. Athens, 1955. (Greek) [The names of the Jews in Ioannina]
. Les Juifs espagnols en Bulgarie
. Sofia, 1925. (French)
. Les Noms des Juifs de Grèce
. Gordes, France, 1990. (French)
Moskona, Isaac M.
?Za proizkhoda na familnite imena na belgarskite evrei
?. Sofia. Obshtestvena kulturno prosvetna organizatsiya na evreite v narodna republika Bulgariya. Godishnik
, 1, 1967. pp.111-137. (Bulgarian) [On the origin of the family names of the Bulgarian Jews. Educational and Cultural Organization of the Jews in the Popular Republic of Bulgaria , Annual no.1, 1967.]
Nehama, Joseph. L?histoire des Israélites de Salonique
. Thessaloniki, 1930-1978. 7v. (French)
. The Sephardic Onomasticon; An Ethymological Research on Sephardic Family Names of the Jews Living in Turkey
. Istanbul, Gozlem, 2004.
. Divre yemei yisrael betogarma al pi mekorot rishonim
. Tel Aviv, Dvir, 1930. 4v. (Hebrew) [History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire according to primary sources]
. I Cognomi degli Ebrei d?Italia
. Firenze, Casa Editrice ?Israel?, 1925. (Italian) [The Names of the Jews of Italy].
. Les noms des Juifs de Tunisie
. Paris, L?Harmattan, 2002. (French)
, A bi-annual review published by the Arias Montano Institute in Madrid from 1941 to 2007.
Sror, S. Les noms des Juifs du Comtat du 16e au 18e siècle
. Revue des Etudes Juives, 1997, 156:305-372. [Names of the Jews in the Comtat from the 16th to the 18th cent.].
Steinschneider, M. An introduction to the Arabic literature of Jews; Chap. 14: Family names.
Philadelphia. Jewish Quarterly Review, 1898, 10: 119-138, 513-540 + 1899, 11: 115-149, 305-343, 480-489, 585-625.
. Notas istorikas sovre los djudios de Bulgaria i la komunita de Sofia
. Sofia, Nadejda 1930. (Judeo-Spanish- Rashi script) [Historical Notes on the Jews of Bulgaria and the Community of Sofia]
. The Jews of Bulgaria ? Their Surnames as a Miror of their History in: Demsky editor, Pleasant are Their Names - Jewish Names in the Sephardi Diaspora.
Bethesda, Md, University of Marylan. ( in print ).
. Jewish Bulgarian Casualties in WW 1 and Balkans Wars
. List of Jews Born in Bulgaria Deported from France 1942-1944
. Bulgaria her Jews; the History of a Dubious Symbiosis
. New York, Hermon for Yeshiva University Press, 1979.
. Dictionnaire des Prénoms Arabes
. Rabat, 1997. (French)
. Une histoire de familles; Les noms Juifs d?Afrique du Nord
. Jerusalem, 1999. (French)
. Les noms de personnes en Orient et spécialement en Egypte
. Le Caire, Le Scribe Egyptien, 1946. (French)
. Bulgarski Imennik
. Sofia, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1994. (Bulgarian) [Dictionary of Bulgarian (given) names]
1 For details see the bibliography
4 See the three dictionaries of Alexander Beider published by Avotaynu