Python Data Type Conversion Tutorial
Every value in Python has a data type. Data types are classification of data that tells the compiler or the interpreter how you want to use the data. The type defines the operations that can be done on the data and the structure in which you want the data to be stored. In data science, you will often need to change the type of your data, so that it becomes easier to use and work with.
This tutorial will tackle some of the important and most frequently used data structures and you will learn to change their types to suit your need. More specifically, you will learn:
- Implicit and Explicit Data Type Conversion
- Primitive versus Non-primitive Data Structures
- Integer and Float Conversions
- Data Type Conversion with Strings
- Conversion to Tuples and Lists
- Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Integers in Python
Python has many data types. You must have already seen and worked with some of them. You have integers and float to deal with numerical values, boolean (
bool) to deal with true/false values and strings to work with alphanumeric characters. You can make use of lists, tuples, dictionary and sets that are data structures where you can store a collection of values. To learn more about them, be sure to check out DataCamp's Data Types for Data Science Course.
Implicit and Explicit Data Type Conversion
Data conversion in Python can happen in two ways: either you tell the compiler to convert a data type to some other type explicitly, or the compiler understands this by itself and does it for you. In the former case, you're performing an explicit data type conversion, whereas in the latter, you're doing an implicit data type conversion.
Python Implicit Data Type Conversion
Implicit conversion or coercion is when data type conversion takes place either during compilation or during run time and is handled directly by Python for you. Let's see an example:
a_int = 1 b_float = 1.0 c_sum = a_int + b_float print(c_sum) print(type(c_sum))
2.0 <class 'float'>
Tip: you can use the
type() function in Python to check the data type of an object.
In the example, an int value
a_int was added to a float value
b_float, and the result was automatically converted to a float value
c_sum without you having to tell the compiler. This is the implicit data conversion.
Why was the float value not converted to integer instead?
This is due to a broader concept of type promotion in computer science. Simply put, this is a defense mechanism of the compiler that allows you to perform operations whenever possible by converting your data into a different supertype without the loss of information.
That means that the conversion from float to integer is not done because then the compiler will need to remove the fractional part leading to the loss of information.
Python Explicit Data Type Conversion
Explicit conversion also known as type casting is when data type conversion takes place because you clearly defined it in your program. You basically force an expression to be of a specific type. The general form of an explicit data type conversion is as follows:
Note: as you can imagine, with explicit data type conversion, there is a risk of information loss since you're forcing an expression to be of a specific type.
With all of this in mind, you can dig into some of the commonly used explicit data type conversions...
Primitive Versus Non-Primitive Data Structures
Primitive data structures are the building blocks for data manipulation and contain pure, simple values of a data. Python has four primitive variable types:
Non-primitive data structures don't just store a value, but rather a collection of values in various formats. In Python, you have the following non-primitive data structures:
You can learn more about them with DataCamp's Data Structures in Python Tutorial
Integer and Float Conversions
Integers and floats are data types that deal with numbers.
To convert integer to float, use the
float() function in Python. Similarly, if you want to convert a float to an integer, you can use the
a_int = 3 b_int = 2 # Explicit type conversion from int to float c_float_sum = float(a_int + b_int) print(c_float_sum)
a_float = 3.3 b_float = 2.0 # Explicit type conversion from float to int c_int_sum = int(a_float + b_float) print(c_int_sum) c_float_sum = a_float + b_float print(c_float_sum)
Data Type Conversion with Strings
A string is a collection of one or more characters (letters, numbers, symbols). You may need to convert strings to numbers or numbers to strings fairly often. Check out how you can do this using the
price_cake = 15 price_cookie = 6 total = price_cake + price_cookie print("The total is: " + total + "$")
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- TypeError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-12-54bd76b9b4bd> in <module>() 2 price_cookie = 6 3 total = price_cake + price_cookie ----> 4 print("The total is: " + total + "$") TypeError: Can't convert 'int' object to str implicitly
The example above gives an
TypeError, informing that the compiler cannot implicitly convert an integer value to string.
It might seem intuitive to you what the program should do here. However, the compiler might not always be sure and that's why it provides a mechanism with the explicit type casting so that you can clearly state what you want. Let's see the same example with type casting:
price_cake = 15 price_cookie = 6 total = price_cake + price_cookie print("The total is: " + str(total) + "$")
The total is: 21$
It works the same way when you convert float to string values.
In Python, you can also convert strings to integer and float values whenever possible. Let's see what this means:
price_cake = '15' price_cookie = '6' # String concatenation total = price_cake + price_cookie print("The total is: " + total + "$") # Explicit type conversion to integer total = int(price_cake) + int(price_cookie) print("The total is: " + str(total) + "$")
The total is: 156$ The total is: 21$
Lets break down the code.
price_cookie are initially strings. Then, you need to find the total, which means they have to be first converted to their corresponding integer values. Else, the compiler will assume the operation that you want is a string concatenation rather than a numerical addition. You then need to put this value into the final display string and consequently need to convert the total to a string so as to concatenate it with the rest of the display message.
Hopefully, this example helps you to see the importance of data type conversions. Even though this is a very small example of data type conversion, you can already see how useful it can be.
Note: did you notice the "whenever possible" when trying to convert string to integers or float? This is because it is not always possible to convert strings to numbers and apply numerical operations on them. The compiler is aware of this and will therefore give you an error when you try to do so. Check out the example below:
price_cake = 'fifteen' price_cookie = 'six' total = int(price_cake) + int(price_cookie)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- ValueError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-25-80591b8accda> in <module>() 1 price_cake = 'fifteen' 2 price_cookie = 'six' ----> 3 total = int(price_cake) + int(price_cookie) ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'fifteen'
Type Conversion to Tuples and Lists
Just like with integers and floats, you can also convert lists to tuples and tuples to lists.
Remember what tuple and lists are? Lists and Tuples in Python are used to store collection of homogeneous items. The difference between tuples and list is that tuples are immutable, which means once defined you cannot delete, add or edit any values inside it.
Why would you convert lists to tuples?
That's because tuples are immutable data type and allows substantial optimization to the programs that you create.
And why would you convert tuples to lists?
Maybe you want to make changes to the initial tuple. Thus, you can convert them to lists and then make the change, then convert them back to tuples.
You can use the
tuple() function to return a tuple version of the value passed to it and similarly the
list() function to convert to a list:
a_tuple = (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10) b_list = [1,2,3,4,5] print(tuple(b_list)) print(list(a_tuple))
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
You can also convert a string into a list or a tuple.
dessert = 'Cake' # Convert the characters in a string to individual items in a tuple print(tuple(dessert)) # Convert a string into a list dessert_list = list(dessert) dessert_list.append('s') print(dessert_list)
('C', 'a', 'k', 'e') ['C', 'a', 'k', 'e', 's']
Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Integers in Python
The number systems refer to the number of symbols or characters used to represent any numerical value. The number system that you typically use everyday is called decimal. In the decimal system, you use ten different symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. With these ten symbols, you can represent any quantity. Binary, hexadecimal, and octal refer to different number systems.
When you run out of symbols, you go to the next digit placement. In the decimal system, to represent one higher than 9, you use 10 meaning one unit of ten and zero units of one. However, it is different in other number systems. For example, when you consider a binary system which only uses two symbols: 0 and 1, when you run out of symbols, you need to go to the next digit placement. So this is how you will count in binary: 0, 1, 10, 11, 100, 101 and so on.
Let's check out some of the number systems in more detail in the next sections.
Convert to Binary Number
Binary integers are the number represented with base two. Which means in binary number system, there are only two symbols used to represent numbers: 0 and 1. When you count up from zero in binary, you run out of symbols more quickly: 0, 1, ???
Furthermore there are no more symbols left. You do not go to the digit 2 because 2 doesn't exist in binary. Instead, you use a special combination of 1s and 0s. In a binary system, 1000 is equal to 8 in decimal. In binary, you use powers of two, which means 8 is basically: (1(2^3)) + (0(2^2)) + (0(2^1)) + (0(2^0))= 8. The position of the 1 and 0 defines the power to which 2 is to be raised to.
Let's see this with a more complex example to make it clear:
Binary Number = 1001111 Decimal value = (1*(2^6)) + (0*(2^5)) + (0*(2^4)) + (1*(2^3)) + (1*(2^2)) + (1*(2^1)) + (1*(2^0)) = 79
In Python, you can simply use the
bin() function to convert from a decimal value to its corresponding binary value.
And similarly, the
int() function to convert a binary to its decimal value. The
int() function takes as second argument the base of the number to be converted, which is 2 incase of binary numbers.
a = 79 # Base 2(binary) bin_a = bin(a) print(bin_a) print(int(bin_a, 2)) #Base 2(binary)
Conversion to Octal
Octal is another number system with less symbols to use than the conventional decimal number system. Octal is base eight, which means that eight symbols are used to represent all the quantities. They are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. After 7 is 10, since 8 doesn't exist.
Just like you used powers of two in binary to determine the value of a number, you will use powers of 8 since this is base eight.
In a binary system, 10 is equal to 8 in octal. Let's break it down: (1(8^1)) + (0(8^0))= 8.
A more complex example:
Octal Number = 117 Decimal value = (1*(8^2)) + (1*(8^1)) + (7*(8^0)) = 79
In Python, you can use the
oct() function to convert from a decimal value to its corresponding octal value. Alternatively, you can also use the
int() function along with the correct base which is 8 for the octal number system.
a = 79 # Base 8(octal) oct_a = oct(a) print(oct_a) print(int(oct_a, 8))
Type conversion to Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal is a base 16 number system. Unlike binary and octal, hexadecimal has six additional symbols that it used beyond the numbers found in decimal number system.
But what comes after 9?
Once additional symbols are needed beyond the normal numerical values, letters are to be used. So in hexadecimal, the total list of symbols used is: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E and F.
Using the same example as earlier:
Hexadecimal Number = 4F Decimal value = (4*(16^1)) + (F*(16^0)) = 79
In Python, you can use the
hex() function to convert from a decimal value to its corresponding hexadecimal value, or the
int() function with base 16 for the hexadecimal number system.
a = 79 # Base 16(hexadecimal) hex_a = hex(a) print(hex_a) print(int(hex_a, 16))
You Made It!
Congrats! You learned about data type conversions in Python primarily using built-in methods. This will definitely help you work around various data types, providing you with more flexibility when writing your programs.
DataCamp has an excellent course on Intermediate Python for Data Science where you can learn how to plot your data using matplotlib, work with dictionaries and the famous pandas DataFrame. You will also see how you can control the flow of your program with loops. There is also a case study in the end of the course where you will get to apply all that you have learned and put your knowledge to work! The first chapter is free, so go ahead and try it out!