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The cante flamenco (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkante flaˈmeŋko]), meaning "flamenco song", is one of the three main components of flamenco, along with toque (playing the guitar) and baile (dance). Because the dancer is front and center in a flamenco performance, foreigners often assume the dance is the most important aspect of the art form - but in fact, it is the cante which is the heart and soul of the genre. A cante singer is a cantaor.
The cante flamenco is part of musical tradition in the Andalusian region of Spain. Like any folkloric music, its origins are uncertain but scholars see many influences in the cante flamenco including: The Perso-Arab Zyriab song form, the Classical Andalusian Orchestras of the Islamic Empire, the Jewish Synagogue Chants, Mozarabic forms such as Zarchyas and Zambra, Arabic zayal (the foundation for the Fandango), Andalusian regional folk forms, as well as West African and South American influences as seen in the cantes de ida y vuelta.
Flamenco developed into its definitive form during its Golden Age (1869-1910). Beginning in 1910, cante flamenco was popularized by the opera flamenca which included the lighter forms of flamenco such as fandangos and cantes de ida y vuelta. In order to preserve the "authentic" cante jondo (deep song), Manuel de Falla and Federico Garcia Lorca, organized the Concurso de Cante Jondo in Granada in 1922. Singers from all over Andalusia travelled to join in the competition. The first two prizes went to El Tenazas and El Caracol.
- 1 Types of Cante
- 2 Other classifications of cante flamenco
- 3 Famous Cantadores
- 3.1 Antonio Fernandez a/k/a El Planeta
- 3.2 Francisco Ortega Vargas a/k/a El Fillo
- 3.3 Silverio Franconetti Aguilar a/k/a Silverio Franconetti
- 3.4 Pastora Maria Pavon Cruz a/k/a La Niña De Los Peines
- 3.5 Manuel Ortega Juarez a/k/a Manolo Caracol
- 3.6 Jose Monje Cruz a/k/a Camaron de la Isla
- 3.7 Other Famous Singers of Cante
- 4 See also
- 5 References
- 6 Sources
- 7 External links
Types of Cante
There are many variants of cantes or palos (song forms), each expressing a unique emotion (which shares noticeable resemblance to Indian classical music). The flamenco songs of today may be classified into one of three categories: cante grande, cante intermedio or cante chico.
Cante Grande (also known as cante jondo)
Meaning "profound" and "deep," this intensely sad form of cante deals with themes of death, anguish, despair, or religious sentiments and may be sung a palo seco (without guitar accompaniment). Major forms are the toná, martinetes, seguiriya, soleá, and carcelera. It is said that cante jondo (deep song) is the heart and soul of flamenco:
The singer who sings seguiriyas leaves in each line of the copla (verse of cante) a piece of his soul; and, if not, he is deceiving the listener, perhaps even himself. If there is one style to which the singer has to give everything, has to give every bit of himself, it is the siguiriya. I have seen José Menese completely overcome, broken, a literal wreck after doing this song and I believe that if the singer sometimes reaches the kind of state of grace that the Gypsies call duende - and I don't know yet what that is - it is in these unique and unrepeatable moments.
— Ángel Álvaro Caballero, Historia del Cante Flamenco
Sample Seguiria describing anguish in Caló, Spanish and English:
|Ducas tenela min dai||Penas tiene mi mare||My mother has her troubles|
|ducas tenelo yo||penas tengo yo||and I have mine|
|las de min dai yo sieno||y las que siento son las de mi mare||my mother's are the ones I feel|
|las de mangue no.||que las mis no.||not my own.|
Meaning "intermediate," this form is less profound but also moving, sometimes containing an oriental cast to the music. The term (between cante chico and cante grande that is) varies according who is singing and describing the "cante intermedio".
Literally meaning "little song," this form of cante sings of lighter subjects including love, bawdy humor and happiness to the accompaniment of the flamenco guitar. Festive forms of cante chico include forms such as the alegrías, bulerías and tangos.
Other classifications of cante flamenco
Cante Flamenco Gitano
Cante gitano (or the "Gypsy song") refers to the original songs believed to be developed by Gypsies who immigrated in the 15th century. These include the toná, soleá, seguiriya, tango and buleria.
Cante Flamenco Andaluz
Cante andaluz began to spread during the middle of the 19th century, and is a combination of other forms of folkloric music from Andalusia which demonstrate a definite influence of Gypsy flamenco music. Cante andaluz genres include the many variations of the fandango and cantinas.
Cantes Folklóricos Aflamencados
The styles of cantes folkloricos aflamencados are forms of cante that are not considered to be true forms of flamenco by the purists. Examples of these styles include the sevillanas, Farruca, Garrotin, and the Cuban Rumba. These are the folk song and dances from Andalusia, other Spanish provinces including Galicia and Asturias, as well as South America which have been slightly influenced by traditional flamenco forms.
Lorqueña is a "aflamencado" that has been made from certain ancient folk songs based on the poems of Federico García Lorca. The poet himself collected these folk songs that were included gypsies and flamenco lyrics and gathered in his Collection of Ancient Popular Songs. Among these traditional songs were the tunes, bulerías, jaleos and seguidillas that Lorca himself recorded in 1931 accompanying the famous singer "La Argentinita" with the piano. The lorqueña comes from Granada and is based on the bulería style. The gypsy Pastora María Pavón Cruz known as "La Niña de los Peines" was a very famous cantaora flamenca from Seville. She took the poems of Federico García Lorca as lyrics of new songs and was the first person to call it Lorqueña.
- En el café de Chinitas
- Anda jaleo
- Esquilones de Plata
Antonio Fernandez a/k/a El Planeta
Although concrete information about El Planeta is scarce, it is thought he was born around 1770 in Cadiz. He is widely acknowledged as the first famous performer of the cante flamenco. Originally a blacksmith, El Planeta soon became a renowned leader within the Gypsy community, bearing the honorary title of "Count and Prince of the Fraternity." It is believed he usually sang unaccompanied, although he sometimes accompanied himself on the guitar. The oldest siguiriyas in recorded flamenco history are those of El Planeta. He died around 1850, most likely in or around Seville.
Francisco Ortega Vargas a/k/a El Fillo
Born around 1820 in Villa Real, El Fillo was the chosen disciple of La Planeta. El Fillo was able to perform all forms of cante, and has thus been known as "the father of cante." His hoarse, harsh voice has become a defining characteristic of cante to this day - this style of singing is described as afilla in homage to him. It is believed that El Fillo died in 1878 in Seville.
Silverio Franconetti Aguilar a/k/a Silverio Franconetti
Born 1829, Silverio Franaconnetti was born in Morón de la Frontera was expected to enter the family tailoring business, but would escape to the nearby blacksmith to hear the gypsy singers. Here he met El Fillo and was encouraged to become a singer. He later went to Argentina and Uruguay working as a picador in the bullrings, and he also served as an officer in the Uruguay Army. Franconnetti was arguably the best non-Gypsy singer of the Nineteenth Century. He died in 1889.
Pastora Maria Pavon Cruz a/k/a La Niña De Los Peines
Born in Seville in 1890, La Niña de Los Peines is regarded by some as the most exceptional and innovative female flamenco singer of all time. Affectionately called "La Niña," she was known for her interpretation of the tangos, and was often requested to sing siguiriyas at a time when women did not customarily perform it.
Manuel Ortega Juarez a/k/a Manolo Caracol
Manolo Caracol came from an exalted Gypsy dynasty which to this day remains legendary in the arenas of both flamenco and bullfighting. Born in Seville in 1909, it is commonly believed that his ancestral lineage included both El Planete and El Fillo. Caracol won the prestigious first prize at the Cante Jondo Competition (in 1922) at the age of only 13. During the Spanish Civil War he worked in theaters to survive. Caracol claimed his style of singing was unique. He is remembered for his capacity to evoke overwhelming passions from his listeners. Caracol frequently performed with full orchestras or pianos (much to the harsh remarks made by the purists). Caracol died at the age of sixty-four in 1973 Madrid.
Jose Monje Cruz a/k/a Camaron de la Isla
Camaron de la Isla was born in San Fernando in 1950, and was the second child of eight to a Gypsy blacksmith and a basketweaver. He received his nickname early on due to his light complexion and blond hair, and began performing at the age of eight. In 1969 he made his first album with Paco de Lucia. Although trained as a traditional flamenco singer, Camaron broke with convention, incorporating new musical instruments including the drums, zither, flute, moog, and keyboards to name a few. In his comparatively short career of 20 years, he and Paco de Lucia revolutionized the art of flamenco, attracting vast new audiences to the art form. Camaron met his untimely death at the age of forty-one, in Barcelona.
Other Famous Singers of Cante
There are many more famous and very influential flamenco singers, including:
- Jose Reyes
- La Repompa de Malaga
- Carmen Amaya
- Rafael de Utrera
- Remedios Amaya
- Diego Carrasco
- La Paquera de Jerez
- Antonio Mairena
- Diego El Cigala
- Enrique El Mellizo
- Antonio Chacon
- Manuel Torre
- Enrique El Granaino
- Pepe de Lucía
- Estrella Morente
- Lola Flores
- La Perla de Cadiz
- Terremoto de Jerez
- Manolo Leiva
- Antonio Mairena
- Manuel Agujetas
- Pepe Marchena
- Mayte Martín
- José Mercé
- Antonio Molina
- Niña Pastori
- Chano Lobato
- Juan Valderrama
- Glossary of flamenco terms
- Federico Garcia Lorca
- Flamenco Chill
- Flamenco guitar
- Paco de Lucia
- Palo (flamenco)
- New Flamenco
- Spanish translation in the Golden Age
- Category:Andalusian music
ALVAREZ CABALLERO, Angel: Historia del Cante Flamenco, Alianza Editorial, Madrid, 1981.
GARCIA LORCA, Federico: In Search of Duende. Edition by Christopher Maurer. New Direction Books, New York, 1998.
TOTTON, Robin: Song of the Outcast - An Introduction to Flamenco, Amadeus Press, Oregon, 2003.