Community Based Primary Health Care Water, Sanitation & Diarrhea Paul Freeman Chairman CBPHC-WG APHA
Content Overview The need What is CBPHC Evidence of What works Examples
Global distribution of cause-specific mortality among children under five Undernutrition is implicated in up to 50% of all deaths of children under five Source: World Health Organization and UNICEF
Where We Stand on Sanitation: half of the population in developing world has access
Where We Stand on Water: 80% of developing world has access to improved sources
What Is CBPHC? CBPHC is a process through which health programs and communities work together to improve health and control disease. CBPHC includes the promotion of key behaviors at the household level as well as the provision of health care and health services OUTSIDE of static facilities at the community level. CBPHC can (and of course should) connect to existing health services, health programs, and health care provided at static facilities (including health centers and hospitals) and be closely integrated with them.
What is CBPHC? (cont.) CBPHC also includes multi-sectoral approaches to health improvement beyond the provision of health services per se, including programs which seek to improve education, income, nutrition, living standards, and empowerment. CBPHC programs may or may not be in collaboration with governmental or private health care programs; they may be either comprehensive in scope or highly selective; and they may or may not be part of a program which includes the provision of services at fixed facilities.
What Is CPBHC? (cont.) CBPHC includes the following three different types of activities: (1) Communications with individuals, families and communities to improve key practices; (2) Social mobilization and community involvement for planning, delivering and using health services; (3) Provision of health care in the community, including preventive services (e.g., immunizations) or curative services (e.g., community-based treatment of pneumonia). (3) Provision of health care in the community, including preventive services (e.g., immunizations) or curative services (e.g., community-based treatment of pneumonia).
Why CBPHC? Lessons Learned from a hundred years Scaling-up will not be achieved through facility-based and outreach services alone: Community Partnerships are central to achieving coverage, creating demand and achieving sustainability. Ensuring a continuum of care by delivering integrated packages of health, nutrition, HIV, water and sanitation interventions will be critical to achieving maximal impact on maternal, newborn and child survival. Strengthening of ‘health-systems for outcomes’ combines the strength of selective/vertical approaches and comprehensive/horizontal approaches to scaling up evidence-based, high-impact intervention packages and practices, while removing system-wide bottlenecks to health care provision and usage. (Source R.Knippenburg UNICEF)
From 70 – 90% of all sickness care takes place in the home Household members, especially mothers: –make the primary diagnoses of illnesses –assess the severity and likely outcomes –select among available providers and treatment options –procure and administer treatments How about sickness care? WHO, World Health Report 2002. Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life Slide Source Henry Moseley
Meta-analysis of Interventions to Reduce Diarrhea – 38 Studies Hygiene interventions (promotion of specific behaviors such as handwashing) – 37% reduction Sanitation interventions – 32% reduction Water quality interventions – 31% reduction Water supply interventions – 25% reduction Also: “A water quality intervention at the point of use should be considered for any water supply programme that does not provide 24 h access to a safe source of water” Fewtrell (2005)
Reduction compared to controls Intervention group PneumoniaDiarrhoea Antibacterial soap 45% (26%-64%) 50% (37%-64%) Plain soap Plain soap 50% (34%-65%) 53% (41%-65%) HANDWASHING Meta-analysis 11 studies: 37% reduction in diarrhoea (CI 23-48%) (Fewtrell et al, Lancet Inf Dis 2005; 5: 42-52) (Fewtrell et al, Lancet Inf Dis 2005; 5: 42-52) A randomised controlled trial of handwashing on child health in Karachi, Pakistan Luby et al, Lancet 2005; 366: 225–33 Slide from Betty Kirkwood
Various Approaches we will look at Behavior change & ORT promotion as part of Child Survival programs - ? Integrated Water supply & “purification” e.g Sur’eau Community-led Total Sanitation Integrated as part of community led (Nepal) Vertical programs NGO or Government led (? horizontal integrated-> comprehensive)
Community-Led Total Sanitation Principle- collective behavioral change Community education & sensitization leading to commitment to change Began Rajshahi district Bangladesh local Village Education Resource Centre Local resources & management, evaluation Local government involved in scale up Community, learning centers, policy facilitation
Formation of Women’s Groups in Rural Nepal (Manandhar et al., Lancet, 2004) A minimally trained villager served as a facilitator of a women’s group in a village Met once a month to talk about their problems and formulate their own solutions and implemented their own strategies over a two- year period (2001 – 2003) Some minimal upgrading of health facilities and training of health staff in neonatal care (for both intervention and control groups) 12 pairs of clusters (each cluster had 9 wards of about 7,000 people each), with randomization of clusters to intervention and control groups (total population of intervention and control groups about 63,000 people)
National BRAC diarrheal disease control Bangladesh Over 20 years 1200 BRAC workers visited nearly 12.5 million households Local lobun-gur homemade solution consisted of water, molasses and salt. BRAC Oral Replacement Workers paid on basis of message retention & skills mothers taught First Male ORWs met health staff & community leaders Then female ORWs trained mothers Follow up Reinforcement teams one month later Independent evaluation BRAC R&D division
Lessons Learned from the BRAC National ORT Promotion Program Pilot everything Training should be based on active learning Use objective criteria to monitor program, and checks of quality should exist at each level Performance should influence pay Evaluate frequently, and modify program on the basis of evaluation results Build teamwork, reach out to me and opinion leaders as well as to mothers
Lessons Learned from the BRAC National ORT Promotion Program (cont.) Going to scale does not necessarily result in a loss of quality because management systems can be devised to assure quality at any scale Lay workers are effective conveyers of health information to change behaviors Collaboration between NGOs and government enhance program effectiveness Through developing greater levels of trust at the community level, citizens can actively become involved in improving health practices (Zaman and Karim, 2005)
Egypt National Diarrheal Disease Control National Control of Diarrheal Diseases Project with USAID partnership/funding (also UNICEF) Components Product design and branding, Strengthening local production, Establishing of extensive distribution network, Training medical & nursing providers, Promotion and marketing. Rural areas- community “depot holders” to supply ORT sachets at household level. 1977 Diarrhea >50% infant deaths 1987 diarrheal death rate down by 82% ??Sustainability--diarrheal disease no longer major
Conclusion Getting community commitment is an essential part of effective diarrheal disease control to achieve good outcomes and coverage & sustainable programs. This involvement should be in all phases of program planning, implementation and evaluation.