9 Struktur Mikrobia Mikrobia aselular: virus Mikrobia prokaryotik: bakteriaarchaeaMikrobia eukaryotik:FungiProtozoaAlgae
10 Scope and History of Microbiology Why study microbiology ?Scope of microbiologyHistorical rootsThe Germ Theory of DiseasesEmergence of Special Fields of MicrobiologyTommorows history
11 Why study microbiology ? Microorganisms are part of the human environment important to human health and activitiesThe study of microorganisms provides insight into life processes in all form of life
12 Scope of microbiology The microbes: The microbiologists: Microbiology: the study of microorganisms- bacteria, archaea, algae, fungi, protozoa, virus, viroids, and prionsThe microbiologists:Active Research fields; immunology, virology, chemotherapy, geneticsWorks as researchers, teachers, lecturers, clinical, industrial settingsDo basic research in the biological sciencesHelp to perform diagnostic testsDevelop and test antibiotics and vaccinesSafeguards the environmentsPlay important roles in the food and beverages industries
13 Historical rootsThe ancient Greeks, Romans, and Jews, all contributed to early understandings of the spread of diseasesDiseases, such as bubonic plaque, syphilis caused millions of death because lack of understanding of how to control or to treat the infectionsThe development of high-quality lenses by Leeuwenhoek made it possible to observe microorganisms and later formulate the cell theory
14 The Germ Theory of Diseases The germ theory of diseases states that microorganisms (germs) can invade other organisms and cause disease.Early studies:The idea of Spontaneous generation have to be refutedFrancesco Redi and Lazaro Spalanzani demonstrated that organisms did not arise from non-living material.Pasteur and Tyndall finally dispelled the idea of spontaneous generation
15 The Germ Theory of Diseases Pasteur further contributionsWine makingDisease in silkwormsDeveloped rabies vaccinesKoch contributionsDeveloped four postulates that aided in the definitive establishment of the germ theory of diseaseKoch Postulates:The specific causative agent must be found in every case of the diseaseThe disease organism must be isolated in pure cultureInoculation of a sample of the culture into a healthy, susceptible animal must produce the same disease.The disease organism must be recovered from the inoculated animal.Koch also developed technique for isolating organisms, identified the bacillus that causes tuberculosis, developed tuberculin, and studied various diseases in Asia and Africa
16 The Germ Theory of Diseases Work toward controlling infectionsLister and Semmelweis contributed to improve sanitation in medicine by applying the germ theory and using aseptic technique
17 Emergence of Special Fields of Microbiology Immunology:Immunization was first used against smallpoxJenner used fluid from cowpox blisters to immunize against itPasteur developed techniques to weake organisms so they would produce immunity without producing disease.
18 Emergence of Special Fields of Microbiology Virlogy:Beijerinck characterized viruses as pathogenic molecules that could take over a host cell mechanisms for their own useReed demonstrated that mosquitoes can carry the yellow fever agent and several investigators identified viruses in the early twentieth centuryThe structure of DNA- the genetic material in many viruses and in all cellular organisms was discovered by Watson and CrickTechniques for isolating, propagating and analyzing viruses were developed.Viruses could then be observed and in many cases crystalized and their nucleic acid could be studies.
19 Emergence of Special Fields of Microbiology ChemoteraphySubstances derived from medicinal plants were virtually the only source of chemotherapeutic agents until Ehrlich began a systematic search for chemically defined substances that would kill bacteriaFleming and his colleagues developed penicillin and Domagk and others developed sulfa drugsWaksman and others developed streptomycin and other antibiotics derived from soil microorganisms
20 Emergence of Special Fields of Microbiology Genetics and Molecular Biology:Griffith discovered that previously harmless bacteria could change their nature and become capable of causing disease.The genetic change was shown by Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod to be due to DNA.Tatum and Beadle studied biochemical mutants of Neurospora to show how genetic information control metabolism.
21 Tommorows historyMicrobiology has been at the forefront of research in medicine and biology, and microorganism continue to play a critical role in genetic engineering and gene therapyBacteriophage viruses may be able to cure diseases, and help ensure food safety.Genomics:The Human Genome Projects has identified the locations and sequence of all nucleotides in the human genome.Microbes and microbiological techniques have contributed to this worksOver 100 bacterial genomes have been sequenced completely.A few bacteria have two instead of one chromosome.