The agreement recognizes the role of non-partisan stakeholders in the fight against climate change, including cities, other sub-national authorities, civil society, the private sector and others. The EU and its member states are among the nearly 190 parties to the Paris Agreement. The EU formally ratified the agreement on 5 October 2016, allowing it to enter into force on 4 November 2016. In order for the agreement to enter into force, at least 55 countries representing at least 55% of global emissions had to file their ratification instruments. The Paris Agreement is the first legally binding universal global agreement on climate change adopted at the Paris Climate Change Conference (COP21) in December 2015. The International Energy Agency`s 2008 World Energy Outlook report describes a "baseline scenario" for the world`s energy future "that does not involve new government policies that go beyond those already adopted until mid-2008," and then a "550 Policy Scenario" that adopts other policies, a mixture of "cap-and-trade systems, sectoral agreements and national measures." In the baseline scenario, between 2006 and 2030, the world invests $26.3 trillion in energy supply infrastructure; In Scenario 550, an additional $4 trillion will be spent over this period, mainly for efficiencies that will save more than $7 trillion.  In order to contribute to the objectives of the agreement, countries have presented comprehensive national plans to combat climate change (nationally defined contributions, NDC). These are not yet sufficient to meet the agreed temperature targets, but the agreement points to the way forward for further measures. It will also enable the contracting parties to gradually strengthen their contributions to the fight against climate change in order to achieve the long-term objectives of the agreement. As early as the 1950s, scientist Charles David Keeling (Ralph Keeling`s father) chose mauna Loa volcano to measure CO2 because it is a good place to see large atmospheric averages. Mauna Loa, which passes at 3,400 meters in the middle of the ocean, occupies an air mass already well mixed from the entrances and exits of CO2 that go down and out, far down and away. And the place, a volcano, is surrounded by several kilometers of bare lava, which helps to eliminate the wobbler when measuring by "breathing" neighboring plants. The signatory countries of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have pledged to limit the rise in global average temperatures above pre-industrial levels.
This is the goal that is advocated (as a ceiling) in the journal Stern Review. As the CO2 content is close to doubling from the pre-industrial period, conventional climate sensitivity estimates represented an increase in temperature of about 3 degrees. Pacala and Socolow list 15 wedges, the 7 in combination should be sufficient to keep the CO2 content below 550 ppm.  "The necessary changes are economically affordable and technically feasible and would only marginally affect our daily lives." Each pioneering event has given scientists and environmentalists a reason to express their concern about what man is doing to the climate.