By Charles L. Tieszen
In Christian identification amid Islam in Medieval Spain Charles L. Tieszen explores the concepts deployed by means of authors of medieval anti-Muslim polemic that helped them to forge a non secular id for his or her groups in gentle of Islam.
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Extra resources for Christian Identity amid Islam in Medieval Spain
Brill, 1994), 45. 50 See Dominique Urvoy, “The ‘Ulamā’ of Al-Andalus,” in The Legacy of Muslim Spain, ed. Jayyusi, 847, 852–853. Cf. Roth, 42. 51 For instance, the occasion of al-Ǧāḥiẓ’s writing described in n. 28 above may possibly precede a revival of stricter ḏimma applications under the ʿAbbāsid caliph al-Mutawakkil (r. 847–861). ” is noted by Wolf and Tritton as well. See Wolf, Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain, 118 and Tritton, Caliphs and Their Non-Muslim Subjects, 18–36. 52 Muḥammad I (r.
Powell (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1990), 70–73. 56 This point notwithstanding, Janina Safran aptly asserts that the conversion to Islam of so many Berbers, Christians, and Jews and the resulting intermarriage and acculturation forced Andalusī Muslim jurists to struggle to uphold and protect the religious purity of the umma (‘Muslim community’). In this sense, Muslims shared in this identity struggle to a certain degree insofar as they tried to protect Islamic orthodoxy and fervor which included making distinctions between themselves and non-Muslims.
See Tritton, The Caliphs and Their Non-Muslim Subjects, 45. 44 Whishaw, 20 and Hillenbrand, 123. 45 At times, ḏimmīs holding such positions essentially acted as ‘lightning rods’ for ḏimmī discontent. This was especially the case when bishops served as representatives of the government to their respective ḏimmī communities. In effect, they became scapegoats and a means in which Muslims could redirect pressure away from themselves. This procedure was prevalent in the Ottoman (ʿUṯmānī) empire, but is also seen in Islamic Spain as noted in Mercedes García-Arenal, “Jewish Converts to Islam in the Muslim West,” in Dhimmis and Others, ed.