Origin of the Earth and Moon by A. E. Ringwood (auth.)
By A. E. Ringwood (auth.)
Since the start of civilization, the origins of the Earth and Moon were the topics of constant curiosity, hypothesis, and enquiry. those also are one of the such a lot tough of all medical difficulties. they're, possibly to a different measure, interdisciplinary, having attracted the eye of philosophers, astronomers, mathematicians, geologists, chemists, and physicists. a wide and various literature has built, a ways past the skill of people to assimilate properly. for that reason, so much of these who try and current review-syntheses within the quarter are likely to replicate the views in their personal specific disciplines. the current author's technique is that of a geochemist, strongly prompted by way of the elemental phil osophy of Harold Urey. while so much astronomical phenomena are managed through gravitational and magnetic fields, and through nuclear interactions, Urey (1952) emphasised that the formation of the sun method happened in a pressure-temperature regime in which the chemical houses of subject have been a minimum of as vital as these of gravitational and magnetic fields. This was once the valuable topic of his 1952 ebook, "The Planets," which revolutionized our method of this topic. in lots of next papers, Urey strongly emphasised the significance of meteorites in delivering severe proof of chemical stipulations within the primordial sun nebula, and of the chemical fractionation methods which happened in the course of formation of the terrestrial planets. This method has been by way of such a lot next geochemists and cosmochemists.
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3 However, the density and seismic velocities of the inner core below a depth of 5154 km are consistent with the interpretation that this region consists of essentially pure nickel-iron (Anderson, 1977). , 1975) and along the Hugoniot for pure iron (McQueen and Marsh, 1966). Temperatures on the Hugoniot are also indicated. 4 Mbar. However, it seems likely that this comparison refers to solid iron (in the shock experiments) versus the liquid state in the core. If an allowance is made for volume change on melting, the deficit is about 8 percent (McQueen and Marsh, 1966).
9 Mineral assemblages and corresponding zero-pressure densities for a model mantle of pyrolite composition based on the results of static high-pressure, hightemperature experimentation. , 1972; Liu, 1976; Ringwood and Major, 1968), followed by transformation to the perovskite structure (Liu, 1974, 1975). , 1967). Ringwood (1975a) has shown that the above series of phase transformations, discovered in the laboratory and occurring in material possessing the bulk chemical composition of pyrolite, provides a satisfactory explanation of the positions and magnitudes of the seismic discontinuities in the transition zone and also provides an adequate explanation of the density change through this region.
Appropriate baseline from which to explore and interpret chemical fractionation processes that have affected planets and other classes of meteorites. As discussed further in Part II, virtually all current theories of formation of the planets hold or imply that processes involving differential volatility or condensation played an important role in establishing the present compositions of planets. Likewise, similar processes were largely responsible for the chemical fractionations displayed by most classes of meteorites (see, for example, Anders, 1968).