An extension of a field of characteristic , of the type
where , is some natural number, and it is assumed that contains a primitive -th root of unity (in particular, is prime to if ). Kummer extensions are named after E. Kummer, who first studied extensions of the type , where is the field of rational numbers and .
The main result of the theory of Kummer extensions is that if the field contains a primitive root , then a finite extension is Kummer (for a given ) if and only if is a normal Abelian extension and the Galois group is annihilated by . Any Kummer extension of a field is completely determined by its Kummer group , where is the multiplicative group of and
There exists a non-degenerate Kummer pairing, i.e. a mapping
where is the subgroup of generated by . If and , the pairing is defined by the formula , where , and is some representative of the element . The pairing defines a canonical isomorphism.
In other words, any automorphism is defined by its action on the roots in (1), and this action may be arbitrary, provided that the roots are independent. In particular, if is a cyclic group, then , where .
Let be a normal extension of a field and let be a Kummer extension. Then the field is normal over if and only if is mapped into itself by . In that case the isomorphism (2) is a -isomorphism, i.e. if , and if
then , where . (The group acts on via conjugation in .) By the above proposition, many problems concerning Abelian extensions of exponent of a field can be reduced to the theory of Kummer extensions even if . To be precise: If is such an extension, then is a Kummer extension, and its Kummer group is characterized by the condition: If and , then , where is a natural number which is defined modulo by the condition .
The main results concerning Kummer extensions may be derived as corollaries of the Hilbert theorem on cyclic extensions, according to which the one-dimensional Galois cohomology group is trivial.
The theory of Kummer extensions carries over to the case of infinite Abelian extensions of exponent . When this is done, the Kummer pairing establishes a Pontryagin duality between the profinite group (endowed with the Krull topology) and the discrete group (see , ).
The theory of Kummer extensions, also known as Kummer theory, has an analogue in the case of extensions (1) with (Artin–Schreier theory). The role of the group in that situation is played by the additive group of the prime subfield of . The main result of the theory is: Any Abelian extension of exponent of a field is of the form , where are roots of equations of the type (see ). There is also a generalization of this theory, due to E. Witt, to the case , where , using Witt vectors (cf. Witt vector).
Finally, an attempt has been made to construct a non-Abelian "Kummer theory" , where the multiplicative group of the field is replaced by the matrix group .
|||S. Lang, "Algebra" , Addison-Wesley (1974)|
|||J.W.S. Cassels (ed.) A. Fröhlich (ed.) , Algebraic number theory , Acad. Press (1968)|
|||S. Takahashi, "Generation of Galois extensions by matrix roots" J. Math. Soc. Japan , 20 : 1–2 (1968) pp. 365–370|
The theory of Kummer extensions fits, of course, in the general framework of class field theory, cf. [a1] for details.
|[a1]||J. Neukirch, "Class field theory" , Springer (1986) pp. Chapt. 4, §4|
Kummer extension. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Kummer_extension&oldid=15655