Agartha - the Hollow Earth
Perhaps some of the most bizarre scientific theories ever considered were those concerning the possibility that the Earth was hollow. One of the earliest of these was proposed in 1692 by Edmund Halley.
Edmund Halley was a brilliant English astronomer whose mathematical calculations pinpointed the return of the comet that bears his name. Halley was fascinated by the earth's magnetic field. He noticed the direction of the field varied slightly over time and the only way he could account for this was there existed not one, but several, magnetic fields. Halley came to believe that the Earth was hollow and within it was a second sphere with another field. In fact, to account for all the variations in the field, Halley finally proposed that the Earth was composed of some four spheres, each nestled inside another.
Halley also suggested that the interior of the Earth was populated with life and lit by a luminous atmosphere. He thought the Aurora Borealis, or northern lights, was caused by the escape of this gas through a thin crust at the poles.
Others picked up Halley's hollow-earth theory often adding their own twists. In the eighteen century Leonhard Euler, a Swiss mathematician, replaced the multiple spheres theory with a single hollow sphere which contained a sun 600 miles wide that provided heat and light for an advanced civilization that lived there. Later Scottish mathematician Sir John Leslie proposed there were two inside suns (which he named Pluto and Proserpine).
One of the most ardent supporters of hollow-earth was the American John Symmes. Symmes was an ex-army officer and a business man. Symmes believed that the Earth was hollow and at the north and south poles there were entrances, 4,000 and 6,000 miles wide, respectively, that led to the interior. Symmes dedicated much of his life to advancing his theory and raising money to support an expedition to the North Pole for the purpose of exploring the inner earth. He was never successful, but after his death one of his followers, a newspaper editor named Jeremiah Reynolds, helped influence the U.S. government to send an expedition to Antarctica in 1838. While the explorers found no hole there, they did bring back convincing evidence that Antarctica was not just a polar ice cap, but the Earth's seventh continent.
In 1846 the discovery of an extinct wooly mammoth frozen in ice in Siberia was used by Marshall Gardner as evidence of a hollow earth. Gardner subscribed to the single-sun-inside-the-earth theory and suggested that the mammoth was so well-preserved because it had died recently. Gardner thought that mammoths and other extinct creatures wandered freely in the interior of the earth. This one had wandered outside by using the hole at the North Pole, then was frozen and carried to Siberia on an ice flow.
That same decade a new theory about the hollow-earth appeared. It was the brainchild of Cyrus Read Teed. Teed proposed that the Earth was a hollow sphere and that people lived on the inside of it. In the center of the sphere was the sun, which was half dark and half light. As the sun turned it gave the appearance of a sunset and sunrise. The dense atmosphere in the center of the sphere prevented observers from looking up into the sky and seeing the other side of the world. Interestingly enough, Teed's theory was hard for 19th century mathematicians to disprove based on geometry alone, since the exterior of a sphere can be mapped onto the interior with little trouble.
Teed changed his name to Koresh and founded what might today be called a cult. After buying a 300 acre tract in Florida, Koresh declared himself the messiah of a new religion. He died in 1908 without proving his ideas.
Even after his death, though, some continued to subscribe to his theory. A story is told that during World War II Hitler sent an expedition to the Baltic Island of Rugen. There Dr. Heinz Fischer pointed a telescopic camera into the sky in an attempt to photograph the British fleet across the hollow interior of a concave earth. He was apparently unsuccessful and the British fleet remained safe.
After World War II there seems to be a continuing connection between hollow-earth stories and Nazi Germany. One author, Ernst Zündel, wrote a book entitled UFOs - Nazi Secret Weapons? claiming that Hitler and his last battalion had boarded submarines at the end of the war, escaped to Argentina, and then established a base for flying saucers inside the Earth at the South Pole. Zündel also suggested that the Nazis had originated as a separate race that had come from the inner-earth.
As time has gone on the idea of a hollow-earth has become less a theory of fringe science and more a subject of science fiction and fantasy. Perhaps this has happened because new discoveries continue to show there is no validity to most of the hollow-earth ideas. United States Navy Admiral Richard Byrd flew across the North Pole in 1926 and the South Pole in 1929 without seeing any holes leading to inner-earth. Photographs taken by astronauts in space show no entrances either. Modern geology indicates the Earth is mostly a solid mass.
One believer did seize on a NASA photograph showing a black hole at the North Pole and called it proof of an entrance to a hollow-earth. As it turned out the photo was actually a composite of several pictures taken over 24 hours so that all sections were seen in daylight and the black hole at the top was the portion of the arctic circle never illuminated during the day over winter months.
Perhaps one of the most well-known books about hollow-earth is Jules Verne's Journey to the Center of the Earth. The book illustrates a third theory of hollow-earth which is more plausible than the other two. This is that passages from the surface lead to caverns underground in which life thrives.
In the book three scientists climb down an inactive Iceland volcano in an attempt to find a path to the center of the Earth. They don't make it, but they do find an underground sea populated with prehistoric creatures including plesiosaurs.
Verne may have been closer to that mark than most expected. For years scientists scoffed at the idea of life thriving underground without light to provide energy. Now explorations have found rock-eating bacteria living as far as a mile below the ground. In Romania a whole ecosystem, including spiders, scorpions, leeches and millipedes has been found in a cave cut off from the surface 5.5 million years ago.
In addition to this kind of a hollow-earth there may be a "hollow Mars." A Mars rock in the antarctic suggests that bacteria may have, and might continue to, exist underground on the red planet.
by Dennis Crenshaw
If our world is solid as we are told common since tells us that the "magnetic" Poles would be where they belong – at the same spot as the "geographical" poles. However, as we know that is not the case.
The Magnetic Poles are not fixed spots, but are constantly traveling onwards, executing an unknown path and apparently completing a circle in a period of many hundreds of years. In addition to this onward movement of a few miles a year, there is a lesser daily oscillation. (1)
What do Gardner and Reed, the presenters of The Hollow Earth Theory have to say on this subject?
In gravitational pull it is not the geometrical position that counts. Center, in the geometrical sense of the word, does not apply. It is the mass that attracts. And if the great mass of the earth is in its thick shell, it is the mass of that shell that will attract, and not a mere geometrical point which is not in the shell but 2900 miles away from it, as that is the approximate distance between the center sun and the inner surface of the earth. As a matter of fact it is the equal distribution of the force of gravity all through the shell. When we are on the outside of the shell it is the mass of the shell that attracts us to the surface. When we go over to the inside of the shell the same force will still keep our feet solidly planted on the inner side. (2)
So, according to Gardner, it's not some action deep within our Earth which causes gravity and the Earth's magnetism but the rotation of the mass which makes up the crust. To understand where a "magnetic" pole would be if the world were made-up as envisioned by the two fathers of the Hollow Earth Theory we turn to William Reed:
If the center of the walls of the earth is the center of gravity, then the greatest attraction would be at the poles. [the place where the magnetic pull would be the strongest] "must have been about halfway around the curve, entering the introit of the earth and, if so, was in perfect accordance with the laws of the universe that the center of gravity is strongest at this point. (3)
Gardner agrees with Reed. The magnetic poles would actually form a circle around the pole-hole. Not a "moving" pole as in the accepted theory, but a permanent "ring" around the alleged entrance into the inner lands.
One Pole -Two Poles -Three Poles - More?
On July 19, 1947 a group of scientists left Ottawa Canada aboard a plane with the mission of finding the exact position of the North Magnetic Pole. Included in the tons of equipment they loaded aboard was "a new instrument that is expected to be helpful in taking magnetic soundings and establishing the northern magnetic field" (4)
On August 17, 1947 The New York Times reported:
Ottawa, Aug. 16, 1947 – The North Magnetic Pole seems to have moved 200 miles north since the year 1909 according to the first findings of four scientists of the Canadian Department of Mines and Resources, who left here by air July 19 in quest of the poles present position. (5)
This seems to fit the accepted theory OK. No surprises here. But then the United States Air Force tried to slide one by us. on Monday, October 20, 1947 the following front page story was carried by The New York Times:
Washington, Oct. 19, 1947 –
The Air Force disclosed that it had discovered two new magnetic poles, in addition to correcting the position of the one recognized by science the three poles constitute an elliptical magnetic field. (6)
Upon finding this article in the Jacksonville Florida Public Library microfilm files I had to rush to a dictionary. Just as I suspected, Webster's Seventh defined elliptical as being a "deviation of an ellipse or a spheroid from the form of a circle or a sphere. Ellipse is defined as "an oval". Of course, this is never talked about. As could be expected the article goes on to state "the exact location in latitude and longitude of these important discoveries in terrestrial magnetism were withheld for security reasons, a spokesman said" Under the rug!
However a little bit more of what was found out did slip through the net. In a scientific editorial in The New York Times published on October 21, 1947 we learn:
This military study of the polar regions has unexpectedly supplied us with new information on terrestrial magnetism. Observers of the Royal Air Force found that the North Magnetic Poles lies 300 miles north-northwest of its charted position. These findings have not only been confirmed by American Army pilots but have been supplemented with the information there are three magnetic poles in the area 450 miles long by nearly 200 miles wide. (7)
The Poles Explained
Is it just a coincidence that these documented findings fits exactly the description of what the founders of the Hollow Earth Theory said would be found? As with most of the earthly mysteries, the "mysteries" of the poles are easily understood when looked at using the concept of a hollow globe.
The poles do not from spot to spot and there are not three separate poles. This is a classic example of the results of the establishment scientists trying to "fit" the know facts to their "sacred cow" of a theory. The actual explanation is simple. As different explorers start over the edge of the lip into the interior lands they think they have "discover" that the pole has moved or that they have "found" a new magnetic pole. It's also possible that they are taking readings from different areas of the circle which surrounds the pole-hole exactly where Reed and Gardner said the magnetic field is located.
Another scientific fact which supports the Hollow Earth Theory, yet totally ignored by the "experts".
(1) Master Minds of Modern Science, T.C. Bridges & H. Hessell Tiltman. New York: The Dial Press. 1931.
(2) A Journey To The Earth's Interior, Marshall B. Gardner. Aurora, IL. By the Author. 1920.
(3) The Phantom of The Poles< William Reed. New York. 1906. Reprinted 1990.
(4) "12 "To Hunt Magnetic Pole 2 Months in Arctic". July 20, 1947.
(5) "Polar Shift Confirmed", The New York Times, August 17, 1947.
(6) "Two New Poles Found:", The New York Times, October 20, 1947.
(7) "Magnetic Trinity", The New York Times, October 21, 1947
(8) Magnetic Trinity. The New York Times. October 21, 1947