The blood donated by healthy persons is tested to ensure that the level of hemoglobin is satisfactory and that there is no risk of transmitting certain diseases, such as AIDS or hepatitis. It is then fractionated (split) into its component parts, particularly red cells, plasma, and platelets. Correct matching for the ABO system is vital.
The ABO and Rh groups in transfusion
|ABO ||A ||A* or O ||A or AB |
|ABO ||B ||B or O ||B or AB |
|ABO ||O ||O only ||O, A, B, or AB |
|ABO ||AB ||AB*, A*, B, or O ||AB |
|Rh ||positive ||positive or negative ||positive or negative |
|Rh ||negative ||negative or positive**, *** ||negative or positive** |
As explained above, the most important blood group systems for transfusion of red cells are ABO and Rh. Persons who have either of the red cell antigens (A and B) have antibody present in their serum of the type that will oppose an antigen of its opposite nature; for example, group A blood contains A antigens on red cell surfaces and anti-B antibodies in the surrounding serum. On the other hand, O group individuals lack both the A and the B antigen and thus have both anti-A and anti-B in their serum. If these antibodies combine with the appropriate antigen, the result is hemolytic transfusion reaction and possibly death. Red cell transfusions must therefore be ABO compatible. The blood groups A and B have various subgroups (e.g., A1, A2, A3, and B1, B2, and B3). The only common subgroups that are likely to affect red cell transfusions are the subgroups of A.
Potential donors are also tested for some of the antigens of the Rh system, since it is essential to know whether they are Rh-positive or Rh-negative. Rh-negative indicates the absence of the D antigen. Rh-negative persons transfused with Rh-positive blood will make anti-D antibodies from 50 to 75 percent of the time. Antibody made in response to a foreign red cell antigen is usually not harmful but does require subsequent transfusions to be antigen-negative. Rh-positive blood should never be given to Rh-negative females before or during the childbearing age unless Rh negative blood is not available and the transfusion is lifesaving. If such a woman subsequently became pregnant with an Rh-positive fetus, she might form anti-Rh antibody, even though the pregnancy was the first, and the child might develop erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn).
Test Your Knowledge
Blood: Fact or Fiction?
Care must be taken not to give a transfusion unless the cells of the donor have been tested against the recipient’s serum. If this compatibility test indicates the presence of antibodies in the recipient’s serum for the antigens carried by the donor’s cells, the blood is not suitable for transfusion because an unfavourable reaction might occur. The test for compatibility is called the direct match test. It involves testing the recipient’s serum with the donor’s cells and by the indirect Coombs test. These are adequate screening tests for most naturally occurring and immune antibodies.
If, in spite of all the compatibility tests, a reaction does occur after the transfusion is given (the unfavourable reaction often manifests itself in the form of a fever), an even more careful search must be made for any red cell antibody that might be the cause. A reaction after transfusion is not necessarily due to red cell antigen-antibody reactions. It could be caused by the presence of antibodies to the donor’s platelets or white cells. Transfusion reactions are a particular hazard for persons requiring multiple transfusions.