By no means use a thesaurus and pick a random suggestion offered there. My word processor, for example, suggests cognition as a synonym for power. This may be the case in some contexts, but as a key term, this is hardly ever the case. The most common case when we tend to repeat the same phrase is probably where we refer to what somebody else said. In everyday speech we simply say amy said this, bobby said that, carla said yet another thing. In the more formal style required in essay writing, this is commonly written in the following way: Adams (2006) states that, bird (1999) suggests that. In order to make your essay less repetitive, consider the following options in addition to the common states and suggests.
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The argumentative approach would first explore the views in paper favour of strong impacts in all the different dimensions: economic, cultural, political, and then move on to do the same for arguments against. There is no fast rule which of these approaches is better. In fact, both approaches can be very successful. You should consider the extent to which your structure helps you avoid saying the same thing twice. Whatever approach you choose, a clear indication in the introduction as to how you approach the essay will make sure your reader knows where youre going. Dealing with Repetition edit An essay where the same word or sentence structure is repeated time and time again is often boring. Many writers consider repetitions bad writing. There are a few things you can do to avoid repetition. Where you should be careful, however, is the use of specialist terms. For the reasons outlined in the section on defining terms, you should never substitute a specific term with a more generic one. If you talk about power, then say so, even if this means using the same word over and over again.
Each paragraph, year and definitely each section, should be geared towards the essay question youre answering. Its therefore a good idea to evaluate each section in terms of how far this helped to answer the essay question. You do a number of things with this: demonstrate that youre still on track; youre working towards a conclusion; you demonstrate the relevance of what you wrote in the section. If you cant state how a particular paragraph or section is relevant towards your answer, then probably it is not. Structuring the main Part edit There are different ways to structure the main part of the essay. One key difference is between essays structured along the lines of analytic dimensions, and those structured along the lines of argumentative dimensions. For example, the analytic dimensions of an essay on globalization may be economic aspects, cultural aspects, or political aspects. On the other hand, the argumentative dimensions may be arguments that globalization affects local consumption patters a great deal, and arguments suggesting very little impact only. The analytic approach would examine the different views in terms of economic aspects first, before moving on to cultural aspects.
You can usually use the first sentence of a paragraph to introduce what the paragraph is about. This is particularly useful at the beginning biography of a new section. Consider these phrases as bridges. For example, in one of my essays, i opened a paragraph with It will now be necessary to consider the argument that local cultures are dominated by transnational corporations. My readers will immediately know what the paragraph is about. Ideally, every single sentence is geared towards answering the question. Practically, this is hard to achieve, given the lack of infinite time resources available to most. However, by your trying to link similar paragraphs into sections, and by linking sections into a wider argument, every essay will benefit. The result is an essay that is easier and more pleasant to read.
Stating purpose : in order to, so that, so as to,. Giving the method by which something happened: by ing, by (noun by using. Stating surprise about something unexpected: besides, however, nevertheless, surprisingly, nonetheless, notwithstanding, only, still, while, in any case, at any rate, for all that, after all, at the same time, all the same. Summarizing : to sum up, in summary, to summarize, in brief, altogether, overall. Reaching a conclusion : I conclude, i therefore conclude, reached the conclusion that, it is concluded, therefore, for this reason, then, thus, in conclusion, to bring it all together. Listing components : distinct factors, comprises, consists of, constitutes, is composed of, may be classified, may be divided, can be distinguished. Giving definitions : (something) is, means, describes, is defined as, is used, is concerned with, deals with, relates to, involves, signifies, consist. Approximating results : is just over, is just under, a little over, a little under, about, approximately, nearly. Qualifying comparisons : considerably, a great deal, much, very much, rather, somewhat, significantly, slightly, scarcely, hardly, only just (bigger than exactly, precisely, just, virtually, practically, more or less, almost, nearly, approximately, almost, not quite, not entirely (the same as totally, very, completely, entirely, quite, considerably.
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Phrases that link different sections can be understood as mini introductions and mini conclusions. Particularly when a section is long, or where the link to the next section is not immediately apparent, it might be useful to write one or two sentences to summarize the section. This will indicate to the reader how far we have come in developing the argument, but also remind him or her, why we have bothered to write a section in the first place. Useful Phrases edit, this box contains a selection of useful phrases you can use in your essays. You can use these words and phrases to connect the different bits and pieces of your text into a coherent whole. The following list is intended to give you an idea of all the phrases that are available to you. Express improbability : is improbable, is unlikely, it is uncertain in spite of, despite, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that, nevertheless, nonetheless, instead, conversely, on the contrary, by contrast, whereas, while, whilst, although, even though, on the one hand, on the.
Giving alternatives business : there are two possibilities, alternatively, the one, the other, either, or, neither, nor, in addition, no only, but also, worse still, better still, equally, likewise, similarly, correspondingly, in the same way, another possibility, in a similar vein, as well as, furthermore, moreover. Giving examples or introducing illustrations : for example, for instance, to name an example, to give an example, is well illustrated by, a case point is, such as, such, one of which, illustrates, is an example of this, is shown by, is exemplified by,. Stating sequence : first of all, first, firstly, second, secondly, thirdly, fourthly, now, then, next, finally, to complete, after that, 1, 2, 3, last, lastly, furthermore, to begin with, moreover, in addition, to conclude, afterwards. Reformulate the same point : in other words, to put it more simply, to put it differently, it would be better to say. Stating consequences : so, therefore, as a consequence, as a result, now, consequently, because of, thus, for this reason, then, this is why, accordingly, hence, given this, with reference to, given, on this basis, is caused by, causes, due to, has the effect, affects, the.
However, the lack of subheadings—or the fact that your tutor discourages you from using them—is no excuse for not having sections. Sections group paragraphs that elaborate a similar point. Often, within a section, youll have a number of paragraphs discussing the same issue from a number of different perspectives. A section can be treated, in some ways, as if it was a mini essay in itself. This is the case, because in each section, a particular point is explored. For example, there might be a section on the arguments for abortion, and then a section on the arguments against.
What is important when writing a section, is that both you and the reader are aware of the purpose of the section. Its tiring and frustrating for your reader to read half a page before knowing what youre writing about, or more often why youre writing this here. For these reasons its important to link the sections into a coherent one. By linking the sections, and linking the paragraphs within each section, your essay will be more focused on answering the question. For example, after a paragraph outlining problems of studying and measuring the transmission of social disadvantage, in one of my essays I discussed how sibling data may be the solution. I opened the paragraph as follows: The use of sibling data promises a cure to at least some of the problems outlined above. In one sentence, the new topic (sibling data) is introduced, but it is also indicated why this may be important (because these data help tackling the problems already outlined). The reader should not be puzzled as to what the link is between problems of measuring the transmission of social disadvantage on the one hand, and sibling data on the other.
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Too many, on the other hand, make the argument disappear. The trick is to include illustrations father's to bring the text alive, but link them tightly with the argument. Rather than stating that this is an example of white-collar crime, you may say tax avoidance is a good example of white-collar crime, because by so doing, you demonstrate the importance of the example, you highlight how and why it is important, and most importantly. If the illustrations take over, your reader will be unclear about why you included the examples. Contents, sections edit, sections are an important tool to structure the answer of an essay. The longer the answer, the more important sections probably are. Some courses and tutors may ask you to include subheadings (as used in this book some institutions even have explicit recommendations on their use. Subheadings can be a good way to structure an answer into sections.
This makes your essay a pleasant essay read. To write a good essay, first of all, you need good hooks which help to draw your readers attention. A hook is a small element in the introduction of an essay which motivates people to read your work. It is an interesting and catchy sentence which has a deep meaning and helps a writer introduce the main idea. Essay hook identifies a purpose of writing. When writing the main part of the essay, its important to keep the argument and illustrations in balance. Too few examples make the essay dry and difficult.
already? What you do is to make sure that what goes into the essay has one purpose only: answering the question. Sometimes its difficult to resist the temptation, but dont explore thoughts by the way. This should not discourage you from having original ideas, or even exploring them, but it should encourage you to use your essay for one purpose only. Keeping to the plan means keeping to the structure. This is important, because you can lose your reader by jumping around from one topic to the other, even if all you say as such is relevant and useful. By having a clear structure, and keeping to it, your reader will always know where the journey goes next.
Ideally, every paragraph is geared towards answering the question. It does not suffice, if you are aware of how a particular paragraph is focused on your task: you need to show the relevance to your reader. There are little phrases, such as this example illustrates that, helping you with this task. Consider the following example: The resistance in Harlem insisting to keep an open market in 125th street helped to point out that margaret there are people with different needs in the city (zukin, 1995). After outlining resistance in Harlem, these few sentences make it plain what the example showed us: that different people in cities have different needs. Writing an essay can take a considerable time, but its important that you keep to your original plan as much as you can. Of course, new ideas will come up as you write.
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This part constitutes the main part of your essay. Try to use about 60 of your words for this part. You can understand it as delivering what you have promised in the introduction. This part of the essay is often referred to as the main body, or the argument. Its the part of the essay, where you develop the answer. Whilst doing so, its important to be aware of the question at all time. This is the only way to keep to the topic set.