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Conventional sailing craft cannot derive power from the wind in a "no-go" zone that is approximately 40° to 50° away from the true wind, depending on the craft.Likewise, the directly downwind speed of all conventional sailing craft is limited to the true wind speed.All sailing craft reach a constant forward velocity (V) and point of sail.The craft's point of sail affects its velocity for a given true wind velocity.
Sailing has contributed to many great explorations in the world.As a sailboat sails further from the wind, the apparent wind becomes smaller and the lateral component becomes less; boat speed is highest on the beam reach.In order to act like an airfoil, the sail on a sailboat is sheeted further out as the course is further off the wind.According to Jett, the Egyptians used a bi-pod mast to support a sail that allowed a reed craft to travel upriver with a following wind, as late as 3,500 BCE. Running (drag)— 180° True wind (V The physics of sailing arises from a balance of forces between the wind powering the sailing craft as it passes over its sails and the resistance by the sailing craft against being blown off course, which is provided in the water by the keel, rudder, underwater foils and other elements of the underbody of a sailboat, on ice by the runners of an ice boat, or on land by the wheels of a sail-powered land vehicle.Such sails evolved into the square-sail rig that persisted up to the 19th century. Forces on sails depend on wind speed and direction and the speed and direction of the craft.
Points of sail (and predominant sail force component for a displacement sailboat). Depending on the alignment of the sail with the apparent wind (angle of attack), lift or drag may be the predominant propulsive component.