Chapter 11: An Eye to the Future
1. Regarding the role of behavior on attitudes, which statement is NOT correct?
- The effect of behavior on attitudes is weak because habits’ prediction of behavior is dependent on relevant attitudes and the thoughts and emotions they subsume
- The effect of behavior on attitudes is strong because habits can predict behavior. independently of relevant attitudes and the thoughts and emotions they subsume.
- The effect of behavior on attitudes is strong because once a habit is in place, it can take a life of its own, often with little thought and emotion.
- The effect of behavior on attitudes is strong habits are notoriously hard to break.
2. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
- Reciprocal influences among cognitive, affective, and behavioral information impact the way in which each type of information is processed.
- The effects of behavioral and affective content may depend on when they are processed and the behavior they are predicting.
- Attitude structure could subsume conflict between conscious and nonconscious levels and between different types of attitude content.
- There are no links between attitude function and attitude content.
3. Evaluative-cognitive inconsistency ______.
- does not affect attitude strength
- does not moderate the impact of attitudes on judgments and behavior
- is the amount of inconsistency between people’s overall attitude and the evaluations implied by their beliefs about the attitude object
- has the same effect on attitudes as evaluative-affective and evaluative-behavioral inconsistency
4. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
- Attitudes that serve different value-expressive or ego-defensive functions is less likely to contain emotional content than attitudes serving other functions.
- Ambivalent attitudes serve unique attitude functions and not simply less of a knowledge function.
- The positive and negative dimensions of attitudes may serve different functions.
- Interventions that change attitudes might also shape the content, structure, and function of the attitudes.
5. Which of the following subdisciplines in psychology may best help the development of theories of attitude function, according to your text?
- clinical psychology
- personality psychology
- educational psychology
- animal psychology
6. According to Thompson and Zanna (1995), ambivalence may be particularly high in people who are ______.
- high in need for cognition and high in fear of invalidity
- high in need for cognition and low in fear of invalidity
- low in need for cognition and high in fear of invalidity
- low in need for cognition and low in fear of invalidity
7. In the future, theoretical analyses of attitude function need to consider important potential differences between ______.
- social functions of objects and utilitarian functions of objects
- functions of objects and functions of attitudes toward the objects
- functions of holding an attitude and functions of holding a particular attitude valence
- functions of objects and functions of attitudes toward the objects as well as functions of holding an attitude and functions of holding a particular attitude valence
8. The lack of correspondence between people’s explicit feelings of ambivalence and the high or low number of conflicting evaluations they can bring to mind about an object occurs because ______.
- people’s feelings of ambivalence are affected by whether they mind inconsistency in their attitude and are aware of it
- people are aware of other people’s attitudes being different from their own
- people have some reason to doubt the validity of the information supporting their attitudes
- all of these
9. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
- Attitude change interventions can decay over time or increase over time, depending on personal and situational factors.
- Attitude change interventions cannot shape properties of attitude other than attitude valence.
- Effects of interventions on attitudes toward novel issues may be different than effects of interventions on attitudes toward topics that are long-standing issues with applied significance.
- Resistance to social marketing occurs because the issues are much more relevant to personal values and the self-concept, and people are resistant to being persuaded about self-relevant issues
10. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
- Attitudes’ content, structure, and function are distinct and not interrelated.
- Interventions that change attitude valence also shape other properties of attitudes, including their strength, content, structure, and function.
- Cognitive, affective, and behavioral content have different levels of influence on attitude.
- Attitude structure varies in multiple ways other than reflecting two evaluative (negative and positive) dimensions or one (negative-positive).
11. Suppose you measure an attitude toward the President of the United States on a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from very negative (–3) to very positive (+3). One of your participants crossed the scale in the middle (0). How would you interpret this response?
- This person has an ambivalent attitude.
- This person is uninterested in this topic.
- This person has a biased attitude.
- This person has an ambivalent attitude and is uninterested in this topic are possible.
12. Habits can be the source from which we infer our motives or goals. This phenomenon is an example of ______.
- attitude ambivalence
- attitude-behavior consistency
- the object-appraisal function of attitudes