Mfengu, also called Fingo , people living in Eastern Cape province of South Africa and traditionally speaking a Xhosa language (one of the Bantu languages).
The Mfengu are descendants of refugees from the Mfecane (massive migrations of Nguni peoples) in Natal, largely of Hlubi, Bhele, and Zizi origin, who made their way to the eastern Cape, where they were succoured by local chiefs. In the wars of 1835, 1846, and 1851–53, the Mfengu fought on the British side and were granted lands in the frontier districts of the Transkei and Ciskei, at Xhosa expense and in order to act as a buffer against further Xhosa invasions of the colony. With their social organization shattered during the Mfecane, the Mfengu were receptive from an early date to Christianity and Western education, and in the 19th century many became wealthy peasant-farmers, providing some of the first Western-type political leaders among Cape Africans. In the 20th century many Mfengu demanded their own Bantustan, or black state, in the lands granted them by the British in the 19th century, which were incorporated in the Cape Colony in 1879.
Some Mfengu still follow traditional ways of life, with the men herding cattle and the women raising crops. Other Mfengu, however, are a part of the modern economy, employed as businessmen, civil servants, lawyers, and teachers in the large cities.