Noise and air traffic monitoring
What is airport noise?
Airport noise is the main environmental impact to affect people living near airports. The source of the noise pollution is the aircraft, which create engine and drag noise during take-off and landing. The level of air traffic noise perceived on the ground depends on various factors, such as the number and type of aircraft, the overflight altitude, the route taken and, last but not least, the weather conditions.
How airport noise is measured
Bologna Airport has a noise monitoring system that complies with legislation, composed of seven fixed sound level meters positioned under the landing and take-off paths of the aircraft. Each sound level meter detects the noise produced by the aircraft flying over and transmits the data to the central system to calculate the overall noise. The system also acquires the radar tracking data supplied by ENAV, which is cross-referenced with the noise data transmitted by the sound level meter, to calculate aircraft noise.
How airport noise is managed
Bologna Airport, together with the responsible bodies and authorities, implements specific noise management measures aimed at mitigating noise impact and reducing the disturbance caused to the surrounding communities, with specific regard to flights over the residential areas to the east of the airport. The airport noise management initiatives are in line with the main international guidance (Balanced Approach set out in European Directive 2002/30/EC).
- Technological evolution
- Land-use planning (Airport Noise Zones)
- Noise mitigation procedures and operating restrictions
The assessment and implementation of the noise management measures is the responsibility of the Airport Commission, established pursuant to Italian Ministerial Decree of 31/10/1997. It is chaired by ENAC and includes representatives of the following bodies: the Italian Ministry of the Environment (ISPRA), the Emilia-Romagna Region, the Metropolitan City of Bologna, the Municipality of Bologna, the Municipality of Caldera di Reno, the Municipality of Anzola Emilia, ARPAE, the Airport Manager, ENAV and the airlines.
A key aspect of managing the impact of airport noise is the reduction of aeroplane noise at source. Since the 1970s, passenger aircraft have been subject to noise certification standards, called “Chapters”, assigned by applying ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organisation) criteria. Originally, all aircraft were “Chapter 2” aeroplanes, but thanks to technological progress, aeroplane noise has gradually been reduced with the introduction of “Chapter 3” and “Chapter 4” aircraft.
Reducing the impact of noise on the local population cannot be achieved without adequate land-use planning. Italian legislation requires that so-called “airport noise zones”, consisting of three compliance bands (A, B and C), be defined for every passenger airport. Each band is characterised by airport noise limits and by use of the land concerned. Specifically:
- Zone A: the outermost zone around the airport; airport noise may not exceed 65 decibels, calculated based on the peak period of an entire calendar year, and there are no restrictions on land use;
- Zone B: the middle zone, where airport noise may not exceed 75 dB and no new housing developments are permitted;
- Zone C: the zone closest to the airport and therefore the noisiest; no noise limits are in force in this zone and only residential activities related to the function of the airport are permitted.
The Bologna Airport noise zones are shown in the following figure.
Noise mitigation procedures and operating restrictions
Noise mitigation and noise abatement procedures are in place at Bologna Airport in order to limit air traffic over the residential areas to the east of the airport, and therefore to minimise the impact on the local residents. The procedures stipulate specific runway usage conditions (direction of take-off and landing). During the night (23:00-06:00), the following operating restrictions on air traffic over the city of Bologna are also in place:
- During the night (23:00-06:00), taking off from Runway 12 and landing on Runway 30 is not permitted.
- During the day (06:00-23:00), aircraft should preferably take off from Runway 30 to the west, consistent with incoming air traffic.
- Should aircraft take off from Runway 12 (to the east), they should change direction to the north to avoid flying over residential areas.
In compliance with national regulations, noise abatement procedures do not apply to state flights, humanitarian flights, search and rescue flights, test flights or any flights specifically authorised by the Italian Civil Aviation Authority.
To guarantee the safety and regularity of air traffic, the noise abatement procedures authorise aircraft to fly over the city of Bologna when the following special meteorological or temporary circumstances that limit operational capacity prevail:
- LVP (Low Visibility Procedures): these are international operating procedures adopted during low visibility conditions to enable aircraft to take off and land in complete safety. When the Low Visibility Procedures are in place, aircraft may only take off from, and land on Runway 12.
- Wind: Aircraft must take off and land in a headwind to ensure adequate aerodynamic lift. Air traffic is therefore coordinated in consideration of the wind speed and direction recorded.
- Bad weather: this is defined as adverse meteorological conditions at different altitudes, both at ground level as well as at high altitude, which may require aircraft to approach or depart from a particular direction.
- Infrastructure Limitations: these are conditions where maintenance activities are ongoing in aircraft movement areas (runways, aprons, taxiways) that temporarily limit or restrict operations or prevent the use of certain take-off/landing runs; other infrastructural limitations concern the specific characteristics of the aircraft which, due to its size and weight, needs to operate in a specific direction of movement).
- Air traffic control (ATC) reasons: these are conditions where the direction of take-off and landing is determined by the need to ensure appropriate physical separation and regularity between incoming and outgoing air traffic.
- Pilot's request due to weather or safety reasons: requests from aircraft flight crew due to the weather (e.g. different meteorological conditions on the two different areas of the ground concerned and/or to avoid bad weather/storms/turbulence/wind shear), or due to the operational performance of the aeroplane (which affects the safety of take-off/landing, such as aircraft weight/available runway length/wind conditions/runway slope/runway contamination), or due to radio aids/available instrument procedures.