cmd – Create line-oriented command processors¶
|Purpose:||Create line-oriented command processors.|
|Available In:||1.4 and later, with some additions in 2.3|
The cmd module contains one public class, Cmd, designed to be used as a base class for command processors such as interactive shells and other command interpreters. By default it uses readline for interactive prompt handling, command line editing, and command completion.
The interpreter uses a loop to read all lines from its input, parse them, and then dispatch the command to an appropriate command handler. Input lines are parsed into two parts. The command, and any other text on the line. If the user enters a command foo bar, and your class includes a method named do_foo(), it is called with "bar" as the only argument.
The end-of-file marker is dispatched to do_EOF(). If a command handler returns a true value, the program will exit cleanly. So to give a clean way to exit your interpreter, make sure to implement do_EOF() and have it return True.
This simple example program supports the “greet” command:
import cmd class HelloWorld(cmd.Cmd): """Simple command processor example.""" def do_greet(self, line): print "hello" def do_EOF(self, line): return True if __name__ == '__main__': HelloWorld().cmdloop()
By running it interactively, we can demonstrate how commands are dispatched as well as show of some of the features included in Cmd for free.
$ python cmd_simple.py (Cmd)
The first thing to notice is the command prompt, (Cmd). The prompt can be configured through the attribute prompt. If the prompt changes as the result of a command processor, the new value is used to query for the next command.
(Cmd) help Undocumented commands: ====================== EOF greet help
The help command is built into Cmd. With no arguments, it shows the list of commands available. If you include a command you want help on, the output is more verbose and restricted to details of that command, when available.
If we use the greet command, do_greet() is invoked to handle it:
(Cmd) greet hello
If your class does not include a specific command processor for a command, the method default() is called with the entire input line as an argument. The built-in implementation of default() reports an error.
(Cmd) foo *** Unknown syntax: foo
Since do_EOF() returns True, typing Ctrl-D will drop us out of the interpreter.
Notice that no newline is printed, so the results are a little messy.
This version of the example includes a few enhancements to eliminate some of the annoyances and add help for the greet command.
import cmd class HelloWorld(cmd.Cmd): """Simple command processor example.""" def do_greet(self, person): """greet [person] Greet the named person""" if person: print "hi,", person else: print 'hi' def do_EOF(self, line): return True def postloop(self): print if __name__ == '__main__': HelloWorld().cmdloop()
First, let’s look at the help. The docstring added to do_greet() becomes the help text for the command:
$ python cmd_arguments.py (Cmd) help Documented commands (type help ): ======================================== greet Undocumented commands: ====================== EOF help (Cmd) help greet greet [person] Greet the named person
The output shows one optional argument to the greet command, person. Although the argument is optional to the command, there is a distinction between the command and the callback method. The method always takes the argument, but sometimes the value is an empty string. It is left up to the command processor to determine if an empty argument is valid, or do any further parsing and processing of the command. In this example, if a person’s name is provided then the greeting is personalized.
(Cmd) greet Alice hi, Alice (Cmd) greet hi
Whether an argument is given by the user or not, the value passed to the command processor does not include the command itself. That simplifies parsing in the command processor, if multiple arguments are needed.
In the previous example, the formatting of the help text leaves something to be desired. Since it comes from the docstring, it retains the indentation from our source. We could edit the source to remove the extra white-space, but that would leave our application looking poorly formatted. An alternative solution is to implement a help handler for the greet command, named help_greet(). When present, the help handler is called on to produce help text for the named command.
import cmd class HelloWorld(cmd.Cmd): """Simple command processor example.""" def do_greet(self, person): if person: print "hi,", person else: print 'hi' def help_greet(self): print '\n'.join([ 'greet [person]', 'Greet the named person', ]) def do_EOF(self, line): return True if __name__ == '__main__': HelloWorld().cmdloop()
In this simple example, the text is static but formatted more nicely. It would also be possible to use previous command state to tailor the contents of the help text to the current context.
$ python cmd_do_help.py (Cmd) help greet greet [person] Greet the named person
It is up to the help handler to actually output the help message, and not simply return the help text for handling elsewhere.
Cmd includes support for command completion based on the names of the commands with processor methods. The user triggers completion by hitting the tab key at an input prompt. When multiple completions are possible, pressing tab twice prints a list of the options.
$ python cmd_do_help.py (Cmd) <tab><tab> EOF greet help (Cmd) h<tab> (Cmd) help
Once the command is known, argument completion is handled by methods with the prefix complete_. This allows you to assemble a list of possible completions using your own criteria (query a database, look at at a file or directory on the filesystem, etc.). In this case, the program has a hard-coded set of “friends” who receive a less formal greeting than named or anonymous strangers. A real program would probably save the list somewhere, and either read it once and cache the contents to be scanned as needed.
import cmd class HelloWorld(cmd.Cmd): """Simple command processor example.""" FRIENDS = [ 'Alice', 'Adam', 'Barbara', 'Bob' ] def do_greet(self, person): "Greet the person" if person and person in self.FRIENDS: greeting = 'hi, %s!' % person elif person: greeting = "hello, " + person else: greeting = 'hello' print greeting def complete_greet(self, text, line, begidx, endidx): if not text: completions = self.FRIENDS[:] else: completions = [ f for f in self.FRIENDS if f.startswith(text) ] return completions def do_EOF(self, line): return True if __name__ == '__main__': HelloWorld().cmdloop()
When there is input text, complete_greet() returns a list of friends that match. Otherwise, the full list of friends is returned.
$ python cmd_arg_completion.py (Cmd) greet <tab><tab> Adam Alice Barbara Bob (Cmd) greet A<tab><tab> Adam Alice (Cmd) greet Ad<tab> (Cmd) greet Adam hi, Adam!
If the name given is not in the list of friends, the formal greeting is given.
(Cmd) greet Joe hello, Joe
Overriding Base Class Methods¶
Cmd includes several methods that can be overridden as hooks for taking actions or altering the base class behavior. This example is not exhaustive, but contains many of the methods commonly useful.
import cmd class Illustrate(cmd.Cmd): "Illustrate the base class method use." def cmdloop(self, intro=None): print 'cmdloop(%s)' % intro return cmd.Cmd.cmdloop(self, intro) def preloop(self): print 'preloop()' def postloop(self): print 'postloop()' def parseline(self, line): print 'parseline(%s) =>' % line, ret = cmd.Cmd.parseline(self, line) print ret return ret def onecmd(self, s): print 'onecmd(%s)' % s return cmd.Cmd.onecmd(self, s) def emptyline(self): print 'emptyline()' return cmd.Cmd.emptyline(self) def default(self, line): print 'default(%s)' % line return cmd.Cmd.default(self, line) def precmd(self, line): print 'precmd(%s)' % line return cmd.Cmd.precmd(self, line) def postcmd(self, stop, line): print 'postcmd(%s, %s)' % (stop, line) return cmd.Cmd.postcmd(self, stop, line) def do_greet(self, line): print 'hello,', line def do_EOF(self, line): "Exit" return True if __name__ == '__main__': Illustrate().cmdloop('Illustrating the methods of cmd.Cmd')
cmdloop() is the main processing loop of the interpreter. You can override it, but it is usually not necessary, since the preloop() and postloop() hooks are available.
Each iteration through cmdloop() calls onecmd() to dispatch the command to its processor. The actual input line is parsed with parseline() to create a tuple containing the command, and the remaining portion of the line.
If the line is empty, emptyline() is called. The default implementation runs the previous command again. If the line contains a command, first precmd() is called then the processor is looked up and invoked. If none is found, default() is called instead. Finally postcmd() is called.
Here’s an example session with print statements added:
$ python cmd_illustrate_methods.py cmdloop(Illustrating the methods of cmd.Cmd) preloop() Illustrating the methods of cmd.Cmd (Cmd) greet Bob precmd(greet Bob) onecmd(greet Bob) parseline(greet Bob) => ('greet', 'Bob', 'greet Bob') hello, Bob postcmd(None, greet Bob) (Cmd) ^Dprecmd(EOF) onecmd(EOF) parseline(EOF) => ('EOF', '', 'EOF') postcmd(True, EOF) postloop()
Configuring Cmd Through Attributes¶
In addition to the methods described above, there are several attributes for controlling command interpreters.
prompt can be set to a string to be printed each time the user is asked for a new command.
intro is the “welcome” message printed at the start of the program. cmdloop() takes an argument for this value, or you can set it on the class directly.
When printing help, the doc_header, misc_header, undoc_header, and ruler attributes are used to format the output.
This example class shows a command processor to let the user control the prompt for the interactive session.
import cmd class HelloWorld(cmd.Cmd): """Simple command processor example.""" prompt = 'prompt: ' intro = "Simple command processor example." doc_header = 'doc_header' misc_header = 'misc_header' undoc_header = 'undoc_header' ruler = '-' def do_prompt(self, line): "Change the interactive prompt" self.prompt = line + ': ' def do_EOF(self, line): return True if __name__ == '__main__': HelloWorld().cmdloop()
$ python cmd_attributes.py Simple command processor example. prompt: prompt hello hello: help doc_header ---------- prompt undoc_header ------------ EOF help hello:
To supplement the standard command processing, Cmd includes 2 special command prefixes. A question mark (?) is equivalent to the built-in help command, and can be used in the same way. An exclamation point (!) maps to do_shell(), and is intended for shelling out to run other commands, as in this example.
import cmd import os class ShellEnabled(cmd.Cmd): last_output = '' def do_shell(self, line): "Run a shell command" print "running shell command:", line output = os.popen(line).read() print output self.last_output = output def do_echo(self, line): "Print the input, replacing '$out' with the output of the last shell command" # Obviously not robust print line.replace('$out', self.last_output) def do_EOF(self, line): return True if __name__ == '__main__': ShellEnabled().cmdloop()
$ python cmd_do_shell.py (Cmd) ? Documented commands (type help ): ======================================== echo shell Undocumented commands: ====================== EOF help (Cmd) ? shell Run a shell command (Cmd) ? echo Print the input, replacing '$out' with the output of the last shell command (Cmd) shell pwd running shell command: pwd /Users/dhellmann/Documents/PyMOTW/in_progress/cmd (Cmd) ! pwd running shell command: pwd /Users/dhellmann/Documents/PyMOTW/in_progress/cmd (Cmd) echo $out /Users/dhellmann/Documents/PyMOTW/in_progress/cmd (Cmd)
While the default mode for Cmd() is to interact with the user through the readline library, it is also possible to pass a series of commands in to standard input using standard Unix shell redirection.
$ echo help | python cmd_do_help.py (Cmd) Documented commands (type help ): ======================================== greet Undocumented commands: ====================== EOF help (Cmd)
If you would rather have your program read the script file directly, a few other changes may be needed. Since readline interacts with the terminal/tty device, rather than the standard input stream, you should disable it if you know your script is going to be reading from a file. Also, to avoid printing superfluous prompts, you can set the prompt to an empty string. This example shows how to open a file and pass it as input to a modified version of the HelloWorld example.
import cmd class HelloWorld(cmd.Cmd): """Simple command processor example.""" # Disable rawinput module use use_rawinput = False # Do not show a prompt after each command read prompt = '' def do_greet(self, line): print "hello,", line def do_EOF(self, line): return True if __name__ == '__main__': import sys input = open(sys.argv, 'rt') try: HelloWorld(stdin=input).cmdloop() finally: input.close()
With use_rawinput set to False and prompt set to an empty string, we can call the script on this input file:
greet greet Alice and Bob
to produce output like:
$ python cmd_file.py cmd_file.txt hello, hello, Alice and Bob
Commands from sys.argv¶
You can also process command line arguments to the program as a command for your interpreter class, instead of reading commands from stdin or a file. To use the command line arguments, you can call onecmd() directly, as in this example.
import cmd class InteractiveOrCommandLine(cmd.Cmd): """Accepts commands via the normal interactive prompt or on the command line.""" def do_greet(self, line): print 'hello,', line def do_EOF(self, line): return True if __name__ == '__main__': import sys if len(sys.argv) > 1: InteractiveOrCommandLine().onecmd(' '.join(sys.argv[1:])) else: InteractiveOrCommandLine().cmdloop()
Since onecmd() takes a single string as input, the arguments to the program need to be joined together before being passed in.
$ python cmd_argv.py greet Command Line User hello, Command Line User $ python cmd_argv.py (Cmd) greet Interactive User hello, Interactive User (Cmd)