In 1854 General Joaquín Espartero Balderomero declared for Isabel II and the progressives. In 1856 General Leopoldo O'Donnell declared for the moderates and conservatives. In 1868 General Joan Prim i Prats and General Francisco Serrano y Domínguez declared for the moderate liberals. The Bourbon monarchy was exiled to France, sheltered by Napoleon III; the 1869 Constitution was drawn up, in 1873 the first Spanish Republic was proclaimed. In 1874 General Martínez Campos declared for Alfonso XII, Isabel's son, and the Bourbon monarchy was restored.
Late October, a corner of the Plaça de la Revolució Setembre de 1868, builders marks on the walls, inscribed graffiti, peeling layers of paint. A building is under reconstruction, which by December is hidden from view by scaffolding and tarpaulin.