MIT engineers have built a device that soaks up enough heat from the sun to boil water and produce “superheated” steam hotter than 100 degrees Celsius, without any expensive optics.
On a sunny day, the structure can passively pump out steam hot enough to sterilize medical equipment, as well as to use in cooking and cleaning. The steam may also supply heat to industrial processes, or it could be collected and condensed to produce desalinated, distilled drinking water.
The researchers previously developed a sponge-like structure that floated in a container of water and turned the water it absorbed into steam. But a big concern is that contaminants in the water caused the structure to degrade over time. The new device is designed to be suspended over the water, to avoid any possible contamination.
The suspended device is about the size and thickness of a small digital tablet or e-reader, and is structured like a sandwich: The top layer is made from a material that efficiently absorbs the sun’s heat, while the bottom layer efficiently emits that heat to the water below. Once the water reaches the boiling point (100 C), it releases steam that rises back up into the device, where it is funneled through the middle layer — a foam-like material that further heats the steam above the boiling point, before it’s pumped out through a single tube.
“It’s a completely passive system — you just leave it outside to absorb sunlight,” says Thomas Cooper, assistant professor of mechanical engineering at York University, who led the work as a postdoc at MIT. “You could scale this up to something that could be used in remote climates to generate enough drinking water for a family, or sterilize equipment for one operating room.”
The team’s results are detailed in a paper published today in Nature Communications. The study includes researchers from the lab of Gang Chen, the Carl Richard Soderberg Professor of Power Engineering at MIT.
A clever combination
In 2014, Chen’s group reported the first demonstration of a simple, solar-driven steam generator, in the form of a graphite-covered carbon foam that floats on water. This structure absorbs and localizes the sun’s heat to the water’s surface (the heat would otherwise penetrate down through the water). Since then, his group and others have looked to improve the efficiency of the design with materials of varying solar-absorbing properties. But almost every device has been designed to float directly on water, and they have all run into the problem of contamination, as their surfaces come into contact with salt and other impurities in water.
The team decided to design a device that instead is suspended above water. The device is structured to absorb short-wavelength solar energy, which in turn heats up the device, causing it to reradiate this heat, in the form of longer-wavelength infrared radiation, to the water below. Interestingly, the researchers note that infrared wavelengths are more readily absorbed by water, versus solar wavelengths, which would simply pass right through.
For the device’s top layer, they chose a metal ceramic composite that is a highly efficient solar absorber. They coated the structure’s bottom layer with a material that easily and efficiently emits infared heat. Between these two materials, they sandwiched a layer of reticulated carbon foam — essentially, a sponge-like material studded with winding tunnels and pores, which retains the sun’s incoming heat and can further heat up the steam rising back up through the foam. The researchers also attached a small outlet tube to one end of the foam, through which all the steam can exit and be easily collected.
Finally, they placed the device over a basin of water and surrounded the entire setup with a polymer enclosure to prevent heat from escaping.
“It’s this clever engineering of different materials and how they’re arranged that allows us to achieve reasonably high efficiencies with this noncontact arrangement,” Cooper says.
Full steam ahead
The researchers first tested the structure by running experiments in the lab, using a solar simulator that mimics the characteristics of natural sunlight at varying, controlled intensities. They found that the structure was able to heat a small basin of water to the boiling point and produce superheated steam, at 122 C, under conditions that simulated the sunlight produced on a clear, sunny day. When the researchers increased this solar intensity by 1.7 times, they found the device produced even hotter steam, at 144 C.
On Oct. 21, 2017, they tested the device on the roof of MIT’s Building 1, under ambient conditions. The day was clear and bright, and to increase the sun’s intensity further, the researchers constructed a simple solar concentrator — a curved mirror that helps to collect and redirect more sunlight onto the device, thus raising the incoming solar flux, similar to the way a magnifying glass can be used to concentrate a sun’s beam to heat up a patch of pavement.
With this added shielding, the structure produced steam in excess of 146 C over the course of 3.5 hours. In subsequent experiments, the team was able to produce steam from sea water, without contaminating the surface of the device with salt crystals. In another set of experiments, they were also able to collect and condense the steam in a flask to produce pure, distilled water.
Chen says that, in addition to overcoming the challenges of contamination, the device’s design enables steam to be collected at a single point, in a concentrated stream, whereas previous designs produced more dilute spray.
“This design really solves the fouling problem and the steam collection problem,” Chen says. “Now we’re looking to make this more efficient and improve the system. There are different opportunities, and we’re looking at what are the best options to pursue.”
Learn more: Sun-soaking device turns water into superheated steam
The Latest on: Solar concentrator
via Google News
The Latest on: Solar concentrator
- Solar-plus-storage vs. grid enhancement, part IIIon September 16, 2019 at 12:55 am
One example of storage replacing grid-enhancement investments is a 35 MW storage project that Terna runs next to a 150 kV grid in southern Italy, where a huge amount of solar power has been deployed.
- AfDB ‘s Solar Project Aims at Making Africa a Renewable Power Houseon September 13, 2019 at 1:20 am
Other renewables projects in Africa include The Ouarzazate solar complex in Morocco, which is one of the largest concentrated solar plants in the world. It has produced over 814 GWh of clean energy ...
- Jolywood to Power Full-electric Heavy Truck With Solar Energy Storage Systemon September 12, 2019 at 8:18 am
SUZHOU, China, Sept. 12, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- Jolywood (Suzhou) Sunwatt Co ("Jolywood"), China's leading PV modules manufacturer, unveiled today its solar energy storage system with the launch of the ...
- Solar Spike Suggests a More Active Sunon September 12, 2019 at 5:50 am
where the strongest large-scale magnetic fields are concentrated on the Sun. The Sun also released several other powerful solar flares during the same month, many of them stemming from the same area.
- 4 Lingering Concerns About Solar Capitalon September 11, 2019 at 1:53 pm
Solar Capital Ltd. (NASDAQ ... high yield or junk securities. It's also concentrating in certain sectors like financial services, healthcare providers and pharmaceuticals. In it's latest Q2 ...
- The Daily Cut: Solar Power Will Drive Silver Higheron September 10, 2019 at 6:47 am
But one clean energy source in particular is set to surge – solar power. That means silver is about to get a huge boost as well. It’s a key ingredient in the photovoltaic (PV) cells that allow us to ...
- Solar Inverters / Pv Inverters Market : Industry Outlook By Drivers, Restraints And 2018-2026 |CAGR of 16.1%on September 10, 2019 at 12:36 am
Solar inverters are basically used along with solar or photovoltaic cells to convert direct current (DC) into alternative current (AC). The inverter industry has been going under a concentrated phase ...
- First Solar's Business To Gain After Low Growth and Declines the Past Two Years?on September 9, 2019 at 1:35 pm
Providing a cleaner, cheaper source of energy: First Solar manufactures and sells solar modules and photovoltaic solar systems. The need to shift toward cleaner, renewable sources of energy has never ...
- Solar power for all in the USon September 6, 2019 at 11:44 am
Meet the U.S. start-up that is offering solar power to households that are unable to install their own panels. This new approach to supplying energy has even attracted the interest of Total Ventures ...
via Bing News