The use of evidence for improving services is often thought of as a continuous success story from the stage of conception of an intervention, to its application and finally, to the impact on end users. RAND Europe supports the European Platform for Investing in Children (EPIC), which provides information on such successful interventions — EPIC's “Practices that Work” section features a wide set of child-focused, evidence-based practices that have demonstrated their effectiveness through rigorous research.
However, one can easily imagine why organisations and practitioners might be reluctant to get their practices and work evaluated externally. If the evaluation shows that a practice that has been developed and rolled out with much effort is not effective (or even harmful in the worst-case scenario), the implementing organisation could fear being associated with a short-term failure rather than a long-term success. Funders might withdraw their funding or might be sceptical of funding a new intervention in the future. In short, being honest can be risky. As a result, instead of having to deal with “negative” evaluation outcomes, avoiding external evaluations might be perceived as the safer option.
It is therefore equally important to recognise that applying practices and interventions requires a wider process of learning not only about “what does work,” but also “what does not.” This also can be used as an opportunity to improve organisational performance and external recognition. While negative evaluation findings can be disappointing, the process for acting upon the information can provide an opportunity for strengthening an organisation.
Having expertise in conducting a wide range of evaluations, RAND Europe recognises the value of learning from “what does not work.” One EPIC intervention that RAND Europe has come across is the development of the Mate-Tricks Programme by the Childhood Development Initiative (CDI). This example serves to illustrate the positive impact of such an important learning process.
The Childhood Development Initiative and the Mate-Tricks Programme
CDI, based in Tallaght/Dublin, supports the delivery of a range of early intervention and prevention programmes to improve health, safety and learning outcomes for children in disadvantaged areas. “Mate-Tricks” was a pro-social behaviour programme within CDI designed to act as a response to the local community's concerns regarding bullying and anti-social behaviour. The programme manual was bespoke, combining elements of both the Strengthening Families and Coping Power Programmes, both of which had been extensively evaluated in the United States.
Doing the Right Thing: Collecting Evidence on Whether the Programme Works or Not
CDI had a strong interest in knowing whether its idea also worked in practice and had the expected impact on the target group. The programme was therefore evaluated by a team from the Centre for Effective Education in Queens University in Belfast, using a randomised controlled trial design alongside a process evaluation, involving a total of 630 children. Evaluations (PDF) were carried out over a three-year period using a rolling cohort design.
How to Handle Underwhelming Evaluation Results: Involving Researchers and All Actors Widely in the Dissemination of the Results
The decision to discontinue the programme came when, after three years of data collection, the results became known (PDF). Of the 21 indicators assessed, 16 had not changed, three were moving in the wrong direction, and two indicated positive improvements. Due to the rolling cohort design, the results were not known until all of the data had been collected and analysed.
The dissemination and discussion of the results was a difficult process for CDI. People involved with Mate-Tricks loved the programme and fully supported it. The process evaluation was extremely positive. The expectations were that the programme would be considered a success and would be widely replicated. No wonder that the findings came as a complete shock.
CDI facilitated a process of meetings where the stakeholders were able to meet with the research team to ask any questions or express their concerns with the findings. While this process took time, it was carefully planned and was shown to be effective. Gradually, those involved were able to recognise the value of dropping the programme. Having a joint approach between CDI and the research team was successful, as it meant the stakeholders had representatives from both sides of the evaluations to answer their questions. CDI also focussed on the needs of the target group in the transition period in order to mitigate any issues arising from the process, for example by offering a counselling service to children who had been involved in the programme, and ensuring that an appropriate replacement programme was put in place.
Three Key Messages on Why Letting Go Was a Difficult, but Important Step — and Just Made the Organisation Stronger
Being Able to Use Limited Resources More Efficiently
The Mate-Tricks case (PDF) highlighted the importance of evaluation to ensure that a programme is achieving its intended outcomes, which remains core to CDI's mission. It was also an opportunity to improve effectiveness of allocating resources. Funding for programmes that are proven to be ineffective can be redirected, allowing investments to be maximised.
Increasing Credibility of Other Programmes and the Wider Organisation
Evaluation findings also strengthened the credibility of the organisation and the other programmes, such as Doodle Den, which was proven to be successful. By discontinuing an ineffective programme and focusing instead on a programme that was demonstrated to have very positive outcomes through a similar evaluation process, CDI ultimately gained considerable trust from service users and stakeholders in its approach and work.
Providing a Learning Opportunity for Others and Increasing Recognition Externally
The evaluation of Mate-Tricks provided more information on after-school settings as vehicles for promoting pro-social behaviour programmes for 9- and 10-year olds, an area that has had limited attention to date. The evaluation findings provide insights into which approaches do not work and can therefore help other organisations and service providers in their service design plans.
The Way Forward
In 2013, CDI announced details of the “Next Chapter” of work, which includes a €4m investment in prevention and intervention in Tallaght West from 2013 to 2016. This new initiative involves the maintenance and creation of a number of programmes related to family, education, and learning development goals. And having a next chapter of this magnitude shows that “what does not work” can lead to other potentially successful outcomes.
Daniel Schweppenstedde is an analyst at RAND Europe. Anne-Marie Reid is a quality specialist at CDI.
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