Gustave Le Gray
Jean-Baptiste Gustave Le Gray (French: [lə gʁɛ]; August 30, 1820 – July 30, 1884) has been called "the most important French photographer of the nineteenth century" because of his technical innovations in the still new medium of photography, his role as the teacher of other noted photographers, and "the extraordinary imagination he brought to picture making".
Gustave Le Gray was born in 1820 in Villiers-le-Bel, Val-d'Oise. He was originally trained as a painter, studying under François-Édouard Picot and Paul Delaroche. He even exhibited at the salon in 1848 and 1853. He then crossed over to photography in the early years of its development.
He taught photography to students such as Charles Nègre, Henri Le Secq, Nadar, Olympe Aguado, and Maxime Du Camp. In 1851 he became one of the first five photographers hired for the Missions Héliographiques to document French monuments and buildings. In that same year he helped found the Société Héliographique, the "first photographic organization in the world". Le Gray published a treatise on photography, which went through four editions, in 1850, 1851, 1852, and 1854.
In 1855 Le Gray opened a "lavishly furnished" studio. At that time, becoming progressively the official photographer of Napoleon III, he became a successful portraitist. His most famous work dates from this period, 1856 to 1858, especially his seascapes. The studio was a fancy place, but in spite of his artistic success, his business was a financial failure: the business was poorly managed and ran into debts. He therefore "closed his studio, abandoned his wife and children, and fled the country to escape his creditors".
He began to tour the Mediterranean in 1860 with the writer Alexandre Dumas, père. They crossed the path of Giuseppe Garibaldi, and Dumas enthusiastically joined the revolutionary forces with his fellow travelers. His striking pictures of Giuseppe Garibaldi and Palermo under Sicilian bombing became as instantly famous throughout Europe as their subjects. Dumas abandoned Le Gray and the other travellers in Malta as a result of a conflict about a woman. Le Gray went to Lebanon, then Syria where he covered the movements of the French army for a magazine in 1861. Injured, he remained there before heading to Egypt. In Alexandria he photogaphed Henri d'Artois and the future Edward VII of the United Kingdom, and wrote to Nadar while sending him pictures. He established himself in Cairo in 1864; he remained there about 20 years, earning a modest living as a professor of drawing, while retaining a small photography shop. He sent pictures to the universal exhibition in 1867 but they did not really catch anyone's attention. He received commissions from the vice-king Ismail Pasha. From this late period there remain a mere 50 pictures, some of them as beautiful as ever. He probably died on July 30, 1884, in Cairo.
His technical innovations included:
- Improvements on paper negatives, specifically waxing them before exposure "making the paper more receptive to fine detail".
- A collodion process published in 1850 but which was "theoretical at best". The invention of the wet collodion method to produce a negative on a glass plate is now credited to Frederick Scott Archer who published his process in 1851.
- Combination printing, creating seascapes by using one negative for the water and one negative for the sky at a time where it was impossible to have at the same time the sky and the sea on a picture due to the too extreme luminosity range.
Le Gray documented French monuments on a mission for the French government with other French photographers.
He was a successful portrait photographer, capturing figures such as Napoleon III and Edward VII. He also became famous for his seascapes, or marine. He spent 20 years in Cairo, Egypt, but there are few works from this period.
World records for most expensive photograph sold at auction, 1999-2003
In October 1999, Sotheby's sold a Le Gray albumen print "Beech Tree, Fontainebleau" for £419,500, which was a world record for the most expensive single photograph ever sold at auction, to an anonymous buyer. Later that day at the same auction, however, an albumen print of "Grande Vague, Sète" ("The Big Wave at Sète," "The Great Wave, Sète") also by Le Gray was sold for a new world record price of £507,500 or $840,370 to "the same anonymous buyer" who was later revealed to be Sheik Saud Al-Thani of Qatar. The record stood until May 2003 when Al-Thani purchased a daguerreotype by Joseph-Philibert Girault de Prangey for £565,250 or $922,488.
- A practical treatise on photography, upon paper and glass by Gustave Le Gray, (translated by Thomas Cousins) London : T. & R. Willats, 1850.]]
- Photographic manipulation: the waxed paper process of Gustave Le Gray by Gustave Le Gray. Translated from the French. London: George Knight and Sons, 1853.
Imperial yacht Reine Hortense (1856)
Henri Le Secq (1848)
Empress Eugenie (1856)
General István Türr (1860)
Alexandre Dumas (1860)
- Le Corre, Florence. Gustave Le Gray, a poet with a passion for excellence. "Translated from the catalogue Une visite au camp de Châlons sous le Second Empire: photographies de Messieurs Le Gray, Prévot..., Paris: musée de l'Armée, 1996, pp. 130-131." Retrieved September 15, 2008.
- J. Paul Getty Museum. Gustave Le Gray, Photographer. July 9 - September 29, 2002. Retrieved September 14, 2008.
- Metropolitan Museum of Art. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Thematic Essays. Gustave Le Gray (1820–1884). October 2004. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
- Janis, Eugenia Parry. Gustave Le Gray. (French, 1820-1882). Museum of Modern Art, "from Grove Art Online." Oxford University Press, 2007. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
- J. Paul Getty Museum. Gustave Le Gray. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
- Rosenblum, Naomi. A world history of photography, 4th edition. New York: Abbeville, 2007.
- Peres, Michael R. The Focal encyclopedia of photography digital imaging, theory and applications, history, and science, 4th edition. Amsterdam and Boston: Elsevier/Focal Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-240-80740-9
- J. Paul Getty Museum. The Beech Tree. Gustave Le Gray. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
- Melikian, Souren. Early photos appeal to modern buyers: shedding light on the lost past. International Herald Tribune, November 6, 1999. Retrieved September 14, 2008.
- Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Great Wave, Sète, 1856–59. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
- Gefter, Philip. What 8,500 pictures are worth. New York Times, January 1, 2006. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
- Pinsent, Richard. The world's most expensive photograph. Forbes, May 30, 2003. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
- Christie's London sale of daguerreotypes by Girault De Prangey sets world auction record for a photograph at over $925,000. E-Photo Newsletter, Issue 59, July 3, 2003. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
- Parry, Eugenia. The photography of Gustave Le Gray. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago and University of Chicago Press, 1987. ISBN 0-226-39210-4
- Aubenas, Sylvie. Gustave Le Gray, 1820-1884. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2002. ISBN 0-89236-672-9
- Aubenas, Sylvie. Gustave Le Gray. London and New York: Phaidon, 2003. ISBN 0-7148-4234-6
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gustave Le Gray.|
- Works by or about Gustave Le Gray at Internet Archive
- "Gustave Le Gray seascapes". Photography. Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 2007-06-16.
- Novak, Alex. "Photography Price Gyrations: Gustave Le Gray, A Case Study". On Connoisseurship and Photography Print Values: A Discussion. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
- Gustave Le Gray: Master Photographer of the 19th Century, I Photo Central
- All the Mighty World: The Photographs of Roger Fenton, 1852-1860, exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Gustave Le Gray (see index)
Krygier, Irit on artnet.com Sublime Le Gray http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/features/krygier/krygier8-28-02.asp