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Characteristics of Order Testudines- Turtles (5)
- Vertebrae fused to upper shell
- Anapsid skull
- Lack teeth
- Can hold breath for over 3 hours
- Only come on land to lay eggs
What did snakes and lizards evolve?
A kinetic skull with moveable joints (jaw can open wide)
Characteristics of Order Squamata- snakes & lizards (2)
- Diapsid skull
- Keritonized, epidermal scales
Terrestrial animals have body temperatures determined by environment
Advantages and Disadvantages to Ectotherms
- Advantage= don't waste energy maintaining body heat
- Disadvantage= unlucky in cold weather
- Geckos, iguanas, chameleons
- 4 limbs
- Moveable, camer-lens eyes
- Increase muscle attachment for movement
- Poor vision
- Highly kinetic skull
Other sensory organs that snakes posses (2)
- Jacobson organ (chemicals trapped on tongue pass over the organ)
- Pit organ (sense heat)
Dinosaur characteristics (3)
- First large land animals on Earth
- Lived in herds
- Evidence of prenatal nest care
- Fully marine reptiles
- Once filled the niche of dolphins
Order Sphenodonta- Tuataras (3)
- Only 2 living species
- Restricted to islets off New Zealand
- Primitive diapsid skull
What happened to dinosaurs? (3)
- Asteroid impact
- Volcanic eruptions
- Decrease in primary food source
Order Crocodilla- Crocodiles & Alligators (3)
- Only surviving reptiles of archosaurian lineage
- Body plans remain unchanged
- Elongate, robust diapsid skull w/ massive jaws
Teeth sockets have roots
- Ancestor of modern birds
- Thecodont dentition
- Feathers but flightless
Characteristics of Class Aves (5)
- Forelimbs modified into wings
- Specialized endoskleton
- Keritanous beak around jaw bones
How is the endoskeleton of birds specialized for flying?
Feathers of birds (4)
- Derived from epidermis
- Secondarily utilized for flight
What are birds feather evolved for? (3)
- Courtship displays
Respiratory system of birds (3)
- High energy demands (flying)
- Take in & process high volume of oxygen
- Air sacs and flow-through lungs (parabronchi)
Eyes of birds (2)
- Large immobile eye (turn head)
- Great visual acuity
What are the rods and cones of a birds retina used for?
- Rods- for dim light
- Cones- for color vision
- Unique to birds
- Provides nutrients & oxygen to the eye
Why do birds migrate? (4)
- Less predators
- Seasonal food
- Avoid climate variability
- Decrease competition
How do birds migrate? (4)
- Earth's magnetic field
- Sun orientation
How do birds attract mates? (4)
- Colorful plumage
- Nest building
Hypothetical Origin of Flight (3)
What was the asteroids impact on dinosaur extinction?
Caused massive debris cloud, tsunamis, & temperature variation
What was the volcanic eruptions impact on dinosaur extinction?
Cause massive amounts of sulfure, and chlorine in the atmosphere
Why were dinosaurs so large?
Herbivores relied on big trees so predators needed to be large
What two groups of mammals evolved then went extinct?
What are the most primitive mammal amniotes?
What were early mammals like?
Small, nocturnal animals
Characteristics of class mammalia (5)
- Specialized integument with glands
- External ears and hearing capabilities
- Uterine embryonic development
What is mammalian hair modified for? (3)
Mammalian hair (3)
- Grows continuously from follicle in dermis
- Shed/ molted continuously
Mammalian glands (3)
- Sweat glands
- Scent glands
- Mammary glands
Sweat glands (2)
- Only in mammals (endothermic)
Scent glands (2)
- Communication, defense
- Location varies
Mammary glands (3)
- Only in mammals
- All females, rudimentary in males
- All species produce different milk
What is the organ that connects the fetus to the female uterus?
What is the uterine development in mammals?
Mammals give birth to live youngs
3 main groups of mammals
- Placental Mammals
- Egg laying mammals
- No nipples
- Milk secreted through integument
- Echidnas and Platypus
- Give birth to jellybean sized embryo
- Growth occurs in pouch outside of female body
What marsupial is found in north america?
Who are the slowest developing of all placental mammals?
In placental mammals, where are the differences found? (4)
- Feet bones
- Leg bones
What is the most common reproductive form in mammals?
Enhydra lutra (4)
- Sea otters
- Found only in north Pacific
- Stay warm via dense fur
- Voracious predators
How are sea otters voracious predators? (3)
- Eat constantly to maintain energy/warmth
- 30% of body weight per day
- Tool use
What group of placental mammals do humans belong to?
Family Hominidae (4)
To what animal are humans most closely related?
Homo sapiens (7)
- Upright posture
- Slow developing juveniles
- Post-reproductive life
- Enlarged Brain
What was the first land tetrapod?