- Chemotherapy and radiation therapy for cancer and other conditions can cause temporary or permanent loss of your menstrual periods and menopause.
- Before the age of 40, this is known as premature ovarian insufficiency (POI).
- Between the ages of 40 and 45, this is known as early menopause.
- Early menopause and POI can cause infertility and have short- and long-term health consequences such as heart disease, osteoporosis and memory problems.
- Some women who have chemotherapy remain fertile, so it is important to use contraception if you do not want to become pregnant or if your doctor advises you that it is not safe to become pregnant.
- Speak with your doctor about treatments and other options to manage any infertility and long-term health consequences.
Chemotherapy and radiation therapy for cancer and other conditions can cause temporary or permanent loss of your menstrual periods, which can lead to menopause and infertility.
If this occurs before the age of 40, it is known as premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and between the ages of 40 and 45, it is known as early menopause. POI and early menopause can also happen for other reasons (see AMS fact sheet – Menopause before 40 and premature ovarian insufficiency).
Chemotherapy and radiation therapy can be toxic to the ovaries
Chemotherapy or radiation therapy can cause early menopause because these treatments are toxic to the ovaries, especially when used at high doses to treat cancer.
Whole-body radiation therapy and radiation in the pelvic area are more likely to affect your ovaries.
At birth, ovaries contain one million immature eggs (primordial follicles).
The number of eggs naturally decreases until, at menopause, less than 1000 eggs remain.
When chemotherapy or radiation therapy damages the ovaries, women can have fewer remaining immature eggs and/or the immature eggs are unable to mature.
Loss of your period after chemotherapy or radiation therapy can either be temporary or permanent.
If your period returns, that does not necessarily mean that your fertility returns.
Risk factors for entering early menopause
The likelihood of entering POI or early menopause after chemotherapy or radiation therapy increases:
with increasing age
when fewer eggs remain in the ovaries
with higher doses of chemotherapy or radiation
with radiation therapy of the whole body or pelvic area
with some types of chemotherapy
when doses of chemotherapy and radiation are given together.
Symptoms and health consequences of POI and early menopause
The signs, symptoms and health consequences of POI and early menopause after chemotherapy and radiation therapy include:
missing your period or having infrequent periods – an early symptom of POI or early menopause
menopausal symptoms (either with or without your period) including
dry vagina or poor lubrication during sexual arousal.
psychological distress and increased risk of anxiety and depression because of:
a diagnosis of cancer or severe medical illness
treatment with chemotherapy/radiotherapy and the related longterm consequences
infertility – women often feel confused, sad, old before their time and have mixed feelings about other women’s pregnancies.
short and long-term health risks – infertility, osteoporosis and heart disease.
Diagnosis of POI and early menopause
POI and early menopause are difficult to diagnose and the process can take many months.
This can be a very stressful time and women should speak with their healthcare team for support and management options.
Criteria for a diagnosis of POI or early menopause include:
more than four months without a period
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in the menopausal range on two occasions at least 4–6 weeks apart.
Managing fertility issues
Chemotherapy and radiation therapy might affect your fertility. Thinking about whether you will be able to have children and preserving your fertility can be overwhelming, especially when added to the stress of a diagnosis of cancer or other serious illness. Speak with your healthcare team and get the support you need.
If losing fertility is a possibility, your doctor might be able to suggest options to try to preserve your ability to have children. Monthly injections with a gonadotrophin releasing hormone analogue during chemotherapy may help to preserve ovarian function. The most effective option is to have your eggs or embryos frozen before you begin treatment.
Some women who have chemotherapy remain fertile, so it is important to use contraception if you do not want to become pregnant or if your doctor advises it is not safe to become pregnant.
For those who have developed early menopause between 40 and 45 years, some women choose to live a childfree life, while others adopt or foster children.
Treatment of POI and early menopause
Women with early menopause should discuss with their doctor the possibility of using hormone therapy. In women more than 50 years of age, hormone therapy is called menopausal hormone therapy (MHT). In women who are aged less than 50, the same hormone therapy can be called hormone replacement therapy (HRT) because the treatment is replacing the hormones that the ovaries would be producing if you hadn’t had chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
If you choose to use HRT, your doctor might advise you to continue this treatment until the typical age of menopause (51 years).
HRT options include:
oestrogen tablets, patches, gels and topical vaginal treatments – if you have had a hysterectomy (see AMS fact sheet – What is MHT and is it safe?)
oestrogen plus progesterone – if you have not had a hysterectomy
combined oral contraceptive pill as a replacement hormone – if you have no significant risk factors (such as risk of blood clotting, past blood clots or if you are a current smoker).
Oestrogen therapy is not suited to everyone and is best avoided if you have breast or endometrial cancer. Your doctor can suggest non-hormonal options to help manage hot flushes and other symptoms.
If contraception is required, hormonal options include the oral contraceptive pill or an intrauterine device plus oestrogen (usually as a patch or gel). If your doctor does not recommend hormones for your situation, discuss non-hormonal contraceptive options.
Managing health risks associated with POI and early menopause
Adopting healthy lifestyle changes (see AMS fact sheets – Lifestyle and behaviour changes for menopausal symptoms and Weight management and healthy ageing) can reduce the risk of some of the health impacts associated with POI and early menopause. These health impacts include:
osteoporosis or bone loss
learning and memory disturbances
It is widely known that regular physical activity, a healthy diet and healthy sleep patterns can improve these problems, no matter what the cause.
In addition, regular check-ups (including blood tests and bone scans) with your doctor can help you to manage your health.
Osteoporosis in women with POI and early menopause can be caused by:
low levels of oestrogen
low levels of calcium in the diet
low levels of physical and weight-bearing activity
some types of chemotherapy and medications.
In addition to lifestyle changes (quitting smoking, engaging in regular weight-bearing activities, and ensuring adequate dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D) women should have regular bone scans every one or two years.
Use of HRT can also help to maintain bone health.
Cardiovascular or heart disease
POI and early menopause can result in an earlier increase in the risk of heart disease in women.
Taking HRT early and continuing treatment until the age of a natural menopause (50–55 years) can reduce the risk of heart disease. A healthy lifestyle and regular check-ups for high blood pressure, diabetes and fats in the blood will help you manage your heart health.
Learning and memory problems
There is evidence that chemotherapy can cause memory problems, but there is limited evidence that low levels of oestrogen affect memory. Taking HRT early and continuing treatment until the age of a natural menopause (51 years) might reduce the risk of learning and memory problems.
In addition to a diagnosis of cancer (or severe medical illness) requiring chemotherapy/radiation therapy, women also have to cope with possible infertility and other long-term health impacts.
It is only natural to feel distressed and some women might have anxiety and depression. Women often feel confused, sad, old before their time and have mixed feelings about other women’s pregnancies. Psychological counselling can ease this distress. Support from the woman’s partner, family and friends is also important.
In addition to the support of family, friends and a healthcare team, some women find it useful to talk to other women in the same situation.
Available support groups include: ACCESS Australia (Australia’s National Infertility Network) – www.access.org.au
Cancer Australia – www.cancer.org.au
The Daisy Network Premature Menopause Support Group – www.daisynetwork.org.uk
New Zealand Early Menopause support group - www.earlymenopause.org.nz
Where can you find more information?
If your symptoms are bothering you or you feel you need more support, your doctor can help. Your doctor can tell you about the changes in your body and offer options to manage your symptoms. Other fact sheets about treatment options include:
- POI and Osteoporosis infographic
If you have any concerns or questions about options to manage your menopausal symptoms, visit your doctor or go to the Find an AMS Doctor service on the AMS website.
NOTE: Medical and scientific information provided and endorsed by the Australasian Menopause Society might not be relevant to an individual’s personal circumstances and should always be discussed with their own healthcare provider. This Information Sheet may contain copyright or otherwise protected material. Reproduction of this Information Sheet by Australasian Menopause Society Members, other health professionals and their patients for clinical practice is permissible. Any other use of this information (hardcopy and electronic versions) must be agreed to and approved by the Australasian Menopause Society.
Content updated November 2018