Indian Classical Music
Music is the soul of the cosmos. It is found everywhere from the
rustling of the trees, to the playful streams to the pitter-patter of
the raindrops. Indian music in particular is one of the oldest and
finest forms of human expression.
The Vedas, representing the most ancient literature known to the world, are set to a distinctive melody that is absolutely soothing. Folk and classical music developed side by side. The varied human passions like agony, ecstasy, sorrow, hope and desire find expression in the subtle notes of music.
In India, music has been categorized by the scripts into two main streams known as the `margi` and the `desi`, roughly translated as `classical` and `folk`. The basic tenets of classical music has been laid down by numerous ancient texts.
Hindustani and Carnatic are the two main streams of classical music. Though they have similar origins and sources according to ancient scripts, they are distinct. There are references about the Dhruvaprabhada (later transformed into the Dhrupad) in the ancient texts such as Natya Shastra of Bharata and Sangeetha Magaradham, Raga Sarangini etc. Dhrupad developed as a part of worship in temples and various rituals such as yajnas. Dhrupad has four distinct gharanas or schools namely - Gudiya Govarhar, Khandar, Dagar and Nauhar.
Instrumental Music of India
A new form of Hindustani classical emerged during the 13th and 14th
centuries. This was known as `Khayal` meaning `imagination`. The style
gave an entirely new meaning to Hindustani classical music. Amir
Khusrau is considered to be the proponent of this style.
`Raga` meaning `melody` is India`s contribution to the world of music. It is fundamental to Indian classical music, both Hindustani and Carnatic. A highly scientific and practical manner for the classification of raga was introduced by Venkatamahi. This became the foundation for Indian classical music. Ragas are made of different combinations of `sapta swara or seven notes`. These are Sa- Sadjam, Ri-Rishabam, Ga-Gaandhaaram, Ma-Madhyamam, Pa-Pancham, Dha-Dhaivadam, Ni-Nishadam.
In western classical music, the Piano has an octave that consists of 12 notes, whereas in Indian classical music the same consists of 22 notes or shrutis. Swara is generally defined as a note whereas a shruti is the microtonal intervals between two swaras.
The great diversity of Indian traditions has given birth to a variety of musical instruments. Some of these instruments are played solo while others are used as accompanying instruments to the soloists and dancers. There are instruments that are strictly devotional and ritualistic like the conch and the Khol drum. The evolution of most musical instruments is evident in the ancient cave paintings and sculptures of historic temples. Indian musical instruments are also broadly classified into the four types: stringed, wind, percussion and bells, cymbals and gongs.
The stringed instruments vary according to their complications. The simplest of these being, the single stringed `ektara`. The veena, sitar, sarangi and sarod too are popular stringed instruments. These instruments commonly have round resonators at one end and are made out of dried hollow gourd. The veena is said to have been used by Bharata in his musical studies. The sitar is said to have been invented by Amir Khusrau. The sarod is smaller of the lot and has 10 main strings and 15 sympathetic strings. The sarangi on the other hand, is played with a bow. The other stringed instruments include the dilruba, esraj, tanpura, ektara and the mayuri.
Among the wind instruments the most popular is the Shahnai, a double-reeded flute. The bansuri has many variations producing different pitches and sounds. Other wind instruments include the bansuri, nadaswaram, ninkirns and pongi.
There are many types of drums in India. The double-faced ones can be
hit on both sides, like the dholak or the pakhawaj. Similarly, the
mridangam of the south used to accompany Carnatic music, is placed on
the lap of a person and struck with the hands on both sides. The tabla
on the other hand is a set of two single faced drums and is played
using both hands. It is the traditional accompaniment for Hindustani
music. Religious festivals in Kerala are incomplete without the large
drums called `chenda`, which are beaten with sticks. The `ghatam` is
perhaps the most interesting as it is a big round clay pot. It is
placed on the musician`s lap and he taps it with his fingers and
knuckles to produce the most exciting sounds.
The last category `ghana`, has a wide variety of instruments that are percussion - based like bells, clappers, cymbals and gongs. They usually fulfill rhythmic functions that produce a variety of notes like the other instruments. The jal-tarang is a set of china bowls of varying sizes filled with different quantities of water, which produce different notes when tapped with a stick.