The alphabet is taken from the Greek alpha beta. The first letters. Just as the alphabet is taken from the earliest Arabic letters (أ ب ج د), with a standard semitic arrangement (letters that are similar for example ba ta tsa skipped).
Oh yes, in addition to the five terms written in the title, there is another term that is less well known. The name is abugida or also called alfilabis. Unlike the alphabet and alphabet, abugida has all consonant letter packages with semi vowel packages. So each consonant can be added to a “sign” of certain vowels and the sound of the consonant changes. Vowel marks can be placed above, below, or next to letters. Which includes abugida are Lampung, Javanese and Laotian languages. You are going to get Writing Worksheets Alphabet.