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Unit 7 Modern Era
Signs of the Times • • • Baby Boomers Television Interstate Highway System Integration of Public Schools Cold War Three Governors Affair Korean War Commercial Computers Vietnam Martin Luther King Jr. Jimmy Carter
The Postwar Period • ESSENTIAL QUESTION: – How was life in the U. S. different after WWII?
Postwar Period • G. I. Bill allows returning soldiers to buy homes, attend college, or purchase farms. • Growth of suburbs, average family income, and baby boom • Automobile was in great demand from consumers – Drive In Restaurants, Mc. Donalds, and “hanging out” • New products such as: – Super glue, baby shampoo, saran wrap, velcro
Television Changes America • Television use expanded in the 1950 s • Frozen dinners were invented to heat quickly and eat in front of the TV • More televisions were in homes and people spent more time watching • ABC, CBS, NBC were major networks • Television allowed Americans to travel throughout the world in their living rooms.
The Cold War • US and USSR were world’s most powerful countries • The U. S. and Soviet Union clash – Soviet Union dominance “Iron Curtain” over Eastern Europe • U. S. expected Soviets to permit free elections – Atomic Weapons – Soviet Blockade of Berlin • Cold War: a war of words and diplomacy
The Cold War • Containment of communism led to war in Korea and Vietnam – U. S. sought to prevent the Soviets from expanding their control – U. S. formed military alliances with nations on both sides of Soviet Union. • Cold War ended with the breakup of the Soviet Union in the 1980 s
The Korean War • 38 th parallel was line divided communist North Korea and democratic South Korea after WW 2 • U. S. supervised the government of S. Korea • June 25, 1950 Communist N. Korea invades S. Korea – 3 days later S. Korean capital fell to N. Korea – Truman orders U. S. air and sea forces to support S. Korea • United Nations countries sent troops to assist South Korea
The Korean War • 25, 000 Americans killed; 500 Georgians • Peace declared in July 1953; no winner • Korean War was filled with lessons for the future. – Most importantly, it demonstrated that the United States was committed to the containment of communism.
Georgia During The Cold War • Bell Aircraft plant (closed in 1946) reopened by Lockheed Aircraft Corporation • Warner Robins Air Field workforce increases • Basic training of soldiers at Fort Gordon • Textile business grew to supply soldiers
Georgia During The Cold War
Georgia and the Modern Era (1945 -Present) • ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: 1. How was agriculture transformed in Georgia following WWII and how did this impact the state as a whole?
Memorable Events • December 7, 1946: Winecoff Hotel fire – Hotel was Atlanta’s tallest at 15 floors – Georgia enacted stricter fire codes for hotels and other businesses • 1946 National School Lunch Act – Nutritious lunches in school cafeterias (Richard Russell) • 1946 Democratic White Primary ruled unconstitutional and violation of 14 th amendment – Supported segregation and restrictions of black vote in the Democratic Primaries – Opened the door to black political participation
Memorable Events • 1947: 12 th grade added to public schools – Jackie Robinson integrates baseball • 1954: Marvin Griffin elected to governor and massive resistance to integration begins – Supreme Court rules against segregation in schools • 1956: New State Flag – Congress decides to build interstate highway system • 1961: American soldiers begin training South Vietnamese forces • 1962: County Unit System abolished • 1964 Civil Rights Act passed and Martin Luther King wins Nobel Peace Prize
Memorable Events • • • 1968: MLK and JFK Assassinated 1973: Maynard Jackson elected mayor of Atlanta 1974: Hank Aaron breaks home run record 1976: Jimmy Carter Elected President 1981 Andrew Young elected mayor of Atlanta 1996: Atlanta hosts Summer Olympics
New Technology Transformation of Agriculture: – New synthetic (man made) fabrics became popular. – Examples: Rayon and Nylon – Reduced the need for cotton; as the demand for cotton fell other crops/plants began to be grown in place of cotton; trees, peanuts, soybeans, and corn were some of the major examples – New farming technology (i. e. tractors and harvesters) helped improve the amount of products that farmers could grow.
Post War Georgia • Enrollment at UGA jumps from 1, 836 to 6, 643 students – 60 percent of student body were veterans • 28, 000 families (tenant farmers) leave agriculture – Decrease in GA farms by 100, 000 – New opportunities for men who farmed before war – New agricultural techniques and technology • Crop rotation, terracing, erosion control, tractors, and harvesters.
Post War Georgia • Cotton being replaced by synthetic fibers • New crops for farmers – Peanuts, soybeans, tobacco, corn, wheat – Poultry and livestock • Population growth in cities – New businesses and industries • Ex: General Motors and Ford
Industries Move to Georgia Businesses continued to move into the state… • Mild Climate resulted in lower heating costs, and less weather related shutdowns. • Air conditioning in the 1960 s • Georgia’s low taxes were attractive to workers and businesses – GA was a non union state (cheaper labor) • Lockheed became largest employer • CDC: Centers for Disease Control – Atlanta headquarters established
Georgia Postwar Politics Essential Questions: 2. What was the significance of the 1946 governor’s race? 8. What was the effect of the end to County Unit System on Georgia and how has reapportionment affected the power of political parties in Georgia? 9. What is the difference between the one and two party system in Georgia and how did the rise of the latter impact Georgia? 10. Explain the impact of Herman Talmadge and Lester Maddox on the state of Georgia as governor.
Georgia Postwar Politics • • Three Governors Controversy Melvin Thompson Herman Talmadge Marvin Griffin Carl Sanders Lester Maddox One Person, One Vote Two Party System
The Three Governors Episode Eugene Talmadge Ellis Arnall Melvin Thompson
Three Governors Episode Eugene Talmadge Ellis Arnall • 1946 Won Democratic • Currently held position of primary for governor for 4 th governor and was not time. eligible for re-election. • Ill with cirrhosis of the liver • Supporters feared his death before taking office. • According to the GA constitution, the General Assembly could appoint the 2 nd or 3 rd place winner of election • Supporters wrote in Herman Talmadge (son) on the ballot • Talmadge (father) won the election and died shortly after taking office Melvin Thompson • State had created the office of Lieutenant Governor in 1945 • Lt. Governor would take the place of governor if unable to serve. • Thompson was elected lieutenant governor during 1946 election.
The Three Governors Episode • What was the controversy? – General Assembly chose Herman Talmadge as governor due to his number of write in votes. • Elections were not official until certified by General Assembly – Arnall would not relinquish office until a clear decision had been made – Talmadge supporters broke into governor’s office and changed the locks
The Three Governors Episode • What was the outcome? – Arnall set up temporary office at Capitol information office – Melvin Thompson was declared governor by Ellis Arnall and appealed to the Georgia Supreme Court – Supreme Court ruled Thompson was the rightful head of the state until a special election was held. • Herman Talmadge elected as governor in special election of 1948
Post War Georgia Governors • Melvin Thompson (19471948): • Purchased Jekyll Island to build a state-owned resort • Established UGA Veterinary School • Expanded roads and bridges building programs • Improve state park system
Georgia Governors • Herman Talmadge (1948 -1955): – First sales tax which helped improve education – Minimum Foundation Program for Education Act • established 9 -month school year, extended school to grades 1 -12 and raised standards for schools – Resisted all attempts to integrate schools – Restructured state highway department – Georgia Forestry Commission – Opponent of civil rights legislation (later reached out in 1970 s to black voters)
Georgia Governors • Marvin Griffin (19551959): – began educational television – oversaw purchase of Stone Mountain for park – Atomic reactor at Georgia Tech – New public health facilities
Georgia Governors • Carl Sanders (19631967): • elected in 1962 • worked to diffuse racial violence • increased spending on education • used television ads to campaign • Defeated Marvin Griffin
Georgia Governors • Lester Maddox (1967 -1971): – elected 1967; surprise winner over Ellis Arnall – Segregationist restaurant owner • appointed more African Americans to state office than all other governors combined – Reformed state prisons – Integrated the State Patrol – Increased spending on education (teacher pay) – “People’s Days” – any Georgian could visit and talk with the governor
“One Person, One Vote” • The concept that each citizen’s vote should equal every other citizen’s vote • County-unit system was declared unconstitutional in 1962 • This change caused more representatives to come from urban areas • General Assembly had to reapportion (redraw) voting districts to ensure districts of equal population size
Under the county unit system, in effect from 1917 to 1962, a total of 410 unit votes were distributed among Georgia counties based on their designation as rural, town, or urban counties. Rural counties, in total, had 242 votes in primary elections, while town counties had 120, and urban counties had 48. Rural counties enjoyed 59 percent of the primary votes under this system, although by 1960 only 32 percent of the state's population lived in rural counties.
Two Party System • After Reconstruction, the Democratic Party dominated Georgia politics for over 100 years. • For the most part the Democratic primary was the state’s true election • However, a political shift began to occur in the 1960 s. • White southerners shifted their allegiance to the Republican party based on the Republican platform of “smaller federal government” and shifting some federal power back to the states
Two Party System • Whites were also willing to shift due to the national Democratic Party’s support of the Civil Rights Movement. • The end of the county unit system and reapportionment allowed for more representation in the state by Republicans.
Modern Era Civil Rights Movement • ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS 3. What events, groups, people, and legislation impacted the outcome of the Civil Rights movement? 4. How was Georgia impacted by the Civil Rights movement?
Has anything changed? • As late as World War 2, black Georgians – Denied the right to vote – Segregated in most areas of daily life – Subject to discrimination and violence • 1948: racial integration ordered in armed forces • 1965: federal civil rights legislation prohibited segregation – New phase of race relations welcomed by Governor Jimmy Carter in 1971
Has anything changed?
The Supreme Court and Education • 1940 s Georgia: Eugene Talmadge served as Governor as well as his son Herman – Herman’s election opened the door to a stronger sense of white supremacy • Blacks begin to fight back in education – NAACP went to court against dual school systems in Georgia. • Blacks paid taxes yet did not receive same services • Spending on whites education was 4 x more than spending on blacks • 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education
Brown vs. Board of Education • Struck down “separate but equal” concept 1. Schools were to be integrated 2. General Assembly voted in 1955 to cut off state funds to any system that integrated its schools 3. Many whites advocated closing schools instead of abiding by court’s decision 4. 1956: New State Flag 5. Sibley Commission: found that most Georgians would rather close schools than integrate (allow schools to decide) 6. General Assembly would use this information to make a decision
State Flag Change • 1956 State Flag • Georgia’s General Assembly ratified the addition of the Confederate battle flag to state flag – Backlash to Brown vs. Board of Education decision which imposed integration of public schools.
Integration of UGA Charlayne Hunter Hamilton Holmes
Integration of Schools • Governor Vandiver Forced to Make Decision – Jan 1961: Federal Judge ordered that two black students be admitted to UGA 1. Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes 2. University claimed their rejection was due to lack of housing 3. Students, locals, and members of the KKK started a riot on campus (Holmes and Hunter escorted to Atlanta 4. Vandiver ordered the University closed 5. Reopened by federal judge next day 6. Both Holmes and Hunter graduated from UGA
Integration of Schools • Impact of the Events 1. Vandiver Introduced a bill that repealed cutoff funds laws for both the university and public schools 2. Desegregation of schools began with Atlanta City Schools 3. 1971 All Georgia public schools desegregated
Modern Civil Rights Movement • Montgomery Bus Boycott • Martin Luther King Jr. • Albany Movement/Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) • March on Washington • Civil Rights Act • Atlanta During the Civil Rights Era
Montgomery Bus Boycott • Dec. 1, 1955: Rosa Parks, African American, refused to give up her bus seat to whites in Montgomery, AL • Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the NAACP organized civic leaders and prepared marches • Supreme court ruled segregation on public transportation unconstitutional
A Nonviolent Movement is Born • Martin Luther King, Jr. of Atlanta national spotlight due to Montgomery Bus Boycott 1. Developed a nonviolent approach to social change 2. Based on writings of Henry David Thoreau and teachings of Mahatma Ghandi 3. Mentored by Benjamin Mays who was the President of Morehouse College • Four-prong approach: 1. 2. 3. 4. direct, nonviolent actions legal remedies ballots economic boycotts
A Nonviolent Movement is Born • King carried his message of a nonviolent approach to other parts of the south. • Moved to Atlanta to become head of SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership Conference • During the early 1960 s, King held lunch counter sit-ins 1. Sit-in: Dr. King’s strategy to refuse to leave a public building until their demands are met 2. 1960 Rich’s department store was site for first Georgia Sit In
The Albany Movement (play song) • 1961: Albany, GA becomes center of civil rights activity • First mass movement in the modern civil rights era with goal of desegregating an entire community, – More than 1, 000 African Americans jailed in Albany and surrounding counties
The Albany Movement • Albany schools still segregated and small number of African Americans could vote • SNCC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 1. SNCC workers encouraged students and others in Albany to challenge its segregation policies 2. Challenged segregated bus system in Albany 3. Prompted African American community to unite 4. Over 500 arrested • MLK was drawn into the movement to keep momentum going and was arrested along with other black protestors
The Albany Movement • King left Albany admitting he had failed to accomplish the movement’s goals 1. People of Albany saw success in an increase in African American vote. 2. Nearby towns of Americus and Moultrie inspired to challenge local white power structures • Biracial committee formed to study concerns of African Americans • Out of Albany’s failure came success in Birmingham
Protests Move to Alabama • 1963: Martin Luther King, Jr. begins work to integrate all aspects of public life in Birmingham, AL • Over 3000 people arrested • Bomb killed 4 black children in their church • African Americans and whites from the north and south began to join together to stop the violence
The March on Washington • August 28, 1963 • Civil Rights leaders, including Martin Luther King, Jr. , gathered in Washington D. C. to promote and push for civil rights legislation. • Over 250, 000 activists (whites and blacks) gathered to promote the cause. • Demonstrators marched through the streets of Washington, D. C. carrying posters and shouting chants. • The March on Washington ended in front of the Lincoln Memorial where King. gave his famous “I Have a Dream” speech. • The March on Washington led to the passage of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965
The Civil Rights Act • June 1963 President Kennedy went on national television and described segregation as a moral crisis for the country. – Created new civil rights laws • Kennedy was assassinated before the new laws came into effect • Lyndon Johnson became president and pushed for passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 1. All public facilities had to be integrated 2. Discrimination was prohibited in business and labor unions 3. Equal protection clause of 14 th amendment given more influence
The Voting Rights Act • 1964: Freedom Summer – Martin Luther King, Jr. and SNCC worked to get African Americans registered to vote • Selma-to-Montgomery, AL march led by Dr. King to call attention to the cause – Nearly 30, 000 marchers • Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 – one million African Americans were registered to vote
A Shift in Mood • Some people moved from the nonviolent strategies to more aggressive ones • SNCC and “Black Panthers” confronted police • Malcolm X preached black separatism • Race riots in Los Angeles, Detroit, and Newark • April 1968: Dr. King assassinated in Memphis, TN while working with striking sanitation workers
Atlanta: A Case Study in Change 6. Explain how the development of Atlanta, including the roles of mayors William B. Hartsfield and Ivan Allen, Jr. , and major league sports, contributed to the growth of Georgia. • Integration in Atlanta was relatively peaceful • Church leaders get much credit for this peaceful change • The city became known as “the city too busy to hate”
Atlanta: A Case Study in Change • William Hartsfield: Atlanta Mayor 1937 -1941 and 1942 -1961 1. Expanded Atlanta’s airport (Atlanta became aviation hub of Southeast) 2. After white primary outlawed in 1946 and elections were open to African Americans, worked with African American and white leaders on voter registration drives. 3. Worked to integrate Atlanta’s schools
Atlanta: A Case Study in Change • Ivan Allen: Atlanta Mayor 19621970 – credited with leading the city through physical and economic growth while maintaining calm during the civil rights movement. – Defeated Lester Maddox in 1961 – 1962 ordered removal of “Colored” and “White” signs at City Hall – Worked to integrate Atlanta’s police force, fire department, and city government
Ivan Allen Continued 1. Responsible for construction of the Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium and for bringing the Braves baseball team to Atlanta • • To be a major city, Atlanta needed a major league team Also helped to bring Atlanta Falcons and Atlanta Hawks in the 1960 s. 2. Atlanta ranked in top 10 in the nation in downtown construction. 3. MARTA (transit) system was proposed during Allen’s tenure 4. Oversaw construction of I-285 to manage vast increase in traffic.
1970 s-Present Georgia • ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS 5. Describe the impact of Jimmy Carter in Georgia as a state senator, governor, president, and past president. 7. What is the impact of immigration on our state?
Georgia in the 1970 s • Ted Turner: TBS television network expanded from one station to a national network • MARTA: Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority – began rapid rail service in Atlanta • Georgia cities began to lose population to the suburbs • Cities have worked to attract residents – Urban Development Grants – Underground Atlanta • Maynard Jackson and Andrew Young first black mayors of Atlanta
Maynard Jackson • Elected mayor of Atlanta 1973 1. Served 8 years and then again in 1990 2. Worked with Andrew Young to bring Olympics to Atlanta 3. Helped minority businesses in Atlanta 4. Atlanta airport named Hartsfield Jackson International Airport because of Jackson’s additional terminal being built
Andrew Young • Atlanta mayor in 1981 – Following Maynard Jackson 1. Worked to bring Olympics to Atlanta 2. Supported Jimmy Carter in presidential campaign 3. Was a member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) during Civil Rights Movement
James Earl Carter • Also known as Jimmy Carter 1. Grew up in Plains Georgia on a peanut farm 2. Attended Georgia Southwestern College, Georgia Tech, and U. S. Naval Academy
James Earl Carter • State Senator of 14 th District in 1962 • Devoted his time and attention to educational affairs. • Promoted efficiency and educational opportunity while a member of Sumter County School Board. • Served as chair of Senate Education Committee.
James Earl Carter • In 1970 he was elected Governor of Georgia. • Reorganized the state’s executive branch, cutting the number of agencies from 300 to 25. • Created Georgia Heritage Trust to protect state’s natural and cultural resources • Equalized funding for state public schools and expanded special education, vocational education, and preschool education. • Spoke against segregation in inaugural address. – Appointed more women and minorities on his staff then any other governor. • Georgians were surprised when he announced he was a candidate for Democratic presidential election.
James Earl Carter 1. During the years 1977 -1980 served as President of the United States, becoming the first Georgian to do so. 2. Watergate scandal enhanced the Democratic party for upcoming election. 3. One of his most well-known accomplishments was that he negotiated peace between Israel and Egypt. 4. Developed two cabinet level departments on education and energy. 5. Problems as president: high energy costs, high interest rates, high inflation. 6. 52 American hostages held in Iran and were not released until the day after Carter left office.
Watergate • 1972: Group of men arrested for breaking into the Watergate building in Washington, DC to “bug” Democratic National Committee offices • Evidence supported that President Nixon knew of the burglary and tried to cover it up • Nixon resigned and Vice-President Gerald Ford became president
The Energy Crisis • 1973: US supports Israel in its war with Egypt • Arab nations stop selling oil to the US • Price of gas went up and there were shortages • Georgians began to drive less and purchase fuel-efficient cars • Prudhoe Bay, Alaska: Alaskan Pipeline brought oil to the “lower 48” states
The Women’s Rights Movement 1. Women’s Rights Movement: women gained confidence that they could do the same jobs as men and should have the same rights 2. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 made it illegal to discriminate against women in hiring practices. 3. Women often could not get credit at banks 4. NOW: National Organization for Women – promoted women’s rights issues 5. ERA: Equal Rights Amendment – never became part of the Constitution 6. 1972: Title IX – President Nixon signed law which prohibited discrimination in education (academics or athletics)
Vietnam Divides America • North Vietnam: communist • South Vietnam: democratic • USA began support South Vietnam against the North • 1968: Over 500, 000 Americans involved in Vietnam War • Protests against the war increased • 1973: war ended with no clear victor – Vietnam is now united and communist
Immigration in Georgia • Until 1975, Georgia was primarily a “black and white” state. • This all changed in the 1970 s and 1980 s when thousands of immigrants began to come to Georgia. 1. Immigrants to Georgia included Asian and Latin Americans 2. Most hoped to find greater economic opportunities 3. Agricultural, Textile, and Construction Industry thrived off of immigrants
Immigration in Georgia • Many of Georgia’s mid-sized cities, as well as rural areas have large immigrant populations from all over the world • Concerns of immigration focus on illegal immigration – Costs on schools, health care, and public transportation
Immigration in Georgia • What groups of immigrants have come to Georgia (that we have discussed) and how have they impacted Georgia?