This chapter examines competing conceptions of equality in American constitutional law. It begins with an overview of the case of four white members of Duke University's lacrosse team who were accused of raping an African American stripper, as well as its significance to the constitutional meaning of “equal protection of the laws.” It then considers two competing notions of the meaning of “equality,” “process equality” and “outcome equality,” before turning to a discussion of affirmative action in colleges and universities. It also explores the constitutional test for gender discrimination by citing Supreme Court rulings in cases such as Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan (1982) and United States v. Virginia (1996).
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