Vitamins and Calcium Supplements (cont.)
Betty Kovacs, MS, RD
Betty is a Registered Dietitian who earned her B.S. degree in Food and Nutrition from Marymount College of Fordham University and her M.S. degree in Clinical Nutrition from New York University. She is the Co-Director and Director of nutrition for the New York Obesity Research Center Weight Loss Program.
Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD
Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, is a U.S. board-certified Anatomic Pathologist with subspecialty training in the fields of Experimental and Molecular Pathology. Dr. Stöppler's educational background includes a BA with Highest Distinction from the University of Virginia and an MD from the University of North Carolina. She completed residency training in Anatomic Pathology at Georgetown University followed by subspecialty fellowship training in molecular diagnostics and experimental pathology.
In this Article
- What are vitamins, and why are they important?
- Vitamin D
- Folic Acid
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin B12
- Vitamin B6
- Thiamin (vitamin B1)
- Vitamin K
- Vitamins and Supplements FAQs
What is folic acid, and what does it do?
Folic acid is the man-made form of folate, a naturally occurring B vitamin. Because it's a water-soluble vitamin, it cannot be stored in the body so it needs to be supplied on a continuous basis.
Folic acid helps form and maintain new cells. It is needed to make red blood cells and for the metabolism of homocysteine. It helps produce DNA, and it helps prevent changes in DNA that may lead to cancer.
How much do I need to consume?
The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for folate are expressed in a term called Dietary Folate Equivalent (DFE). The naturally occurring folate is absorbed differently than the man-made folic acid, so the DFE was developed to help account for these differences. One DFE is equal to 1 microgram (mcg) of food folate and 0.6 mcg of folic acid from supplements and fortified foods.
The RDA for folate:
|Age||Males and Females||Pregnancy||Lactation|
|1 to 3 years||150 mcg||N/A||N/A|
|4 to 8 years||200 mcg||N/A||N/A|
|9 to 13 years||300 mcg||N/A||N/A|
|14 to 18 years||400 mcg||600 mcg||500 mcg|
|19+ years||400 mcg||600 mcg||500 mcg|
There is insufficient information to establish an RDA for folate for infants. In this case, an Adequate Intake (AI) has been established:
|Age||Males and Females|
|0 to 6 months||65 mcg|
|7 to 12 months||80 mcg|
What are sources of folic acid?
Folate can be found naturally in many foods, including fruits, leafy green vegetables, and dried beans. Folic acid is added to certain foods because of regulations published by the Food and Drug Administration in 1996. These foods are considered enriched because the folic acid is replacing the folate that was lost during processing. Some common folic acid-enriched foods are cereals, breads, pasta, rice, flours, and cornmeal. Folic acid can also be added to foods and beverages in addition to the nutrients that they already contain. These foods are considered fortified with folic acid. In 1998, the folic acid fortification program was initiated to help Americans reach their folic acid recommendations.
Food sources of folate and folic acid are:
|Food||Amount||Folate/Folic Acid Content|
|Asparagus, cooked||4 spears||85 mcg|
|Avocado, sliced, raw||½ cup||45 mcg|
|Banana, raw||1 medium||20 mcg|
|Beef liver||3 oz||185 mcg|
|Broccoli, chopped, frozen, cooked||½ cup||50 mcg|
|Broccoli, raw||2 spears||45 mcg|
|Cantaloupe, raw||¼ medium||25 mcg|
|Great Northern beans||½ cup||90 mcg|
|Green peas, frozen, cooked||½ cup||50 mcg|
|Papaya, raw, cubes||½ cup||25 mcg|
|Rice, white, enriched, cooked||½ cup||65 mcg|
|Spinach, frozen, cooked||½ cup||100 mcg|
|Spinach, raw||1 cup||60 mcg|
|Tomato juice||6 oz||35 mcg|
Do I need to take a folic acid supplement?
The goal is to consume a balanced diet that provides your daily folate needs. The folate-enriched and -fortified foods make this much easier to accomplish. When you have a medical condition that interferes with the amount that you can consume, if you are unable to absorb all of what you consume, if your diet is limited, or if you have an increased need for folate, a supplement would be the best option. It is recommended that women who may become pregnant take 400 mcg of folic acid from fortified foods and/or dietary supplements along with consuming a well-balanced diet.
Another possible reason to take a supplement would be for heart protection. There are some studies that have shown that folic acid can lower homocysteine levels by up to 25%. High blood levels of homocysteine can damage the inner surface of blood vessels, promote blood clotting, accelerate atherosclerosis, and thus lead to heart attacks and strokes.
What happens if I don't have enough folic acid?
One very severe consequence of not getting enough folic acid is the possibility of neural tube defects during pregnancy. Neural tube defects usually develop in the first 28 days of pregnancy. Many women do not know that they are pregnant during this time and are not monitoring their folic acid intake. For this reason, it's a good idea to make sure that you have an adequate daily intake before trying to conceive.
A deficiency in folate can lead to megaloblastic (or macrocytic) anemia. It may also cause poor growth, gray hair, glossitis, mouth ulcers, diarrhea, and peptic ulcers. Studies have shown that low blood folate levels are associated with high blood homocysteine levels. High blood levels of homocysteine can damage the inner surface of blood vessels, promote blood clotting, accelerate atherosclerosis, and thus lead to heart attacks and strokes.
There are medical conditions and medications that can increase the need for folate, increase its excretion, or interfere with its utilization:
- pregnancy and lactation,
- liver disease,
- kidney dialysis,
- alcohol abuse,
- anticonvulsant medications,
- metformin, and
It's best to speak with your doctor if any of these applies to you.
Is there such a thing as too much folic acid?
There is no Tolerable Upper Limit (UL) set for natural sources of folate found in food.
There are UL set for folate from fortified foods and supplements.
|Age||Males and Females||Pregnancy||Lactation|
|1 to 3 years||300 mcg||N/A||N/A|
|4 to 8 years||400 mcg||N/A||N/A|
|9 to 13 years||600 mcg||N/A||N/A|
|14 to 18 years||800 mcg||800 mcg||800 mcg|
|19+ years||1,000 mcg||1,000 mcg||1,000 mcg|
Going above the UL increases your risk for adverse health effects.
Next: Vitamin E
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