How Thermoelectric Power Generation Works
A description of how Thermoelectric Generators TEG’s (Seebeck effect) work is outlined below to explain to people who are not familiar with the technology. We have been manufacturing TEG Power Generators for the last 18 years. To describe thermoelectric generation in a single page is difficult so, if further advice is needed you can fill out the below TEG form with your design request and we will respond via email.
Thermoelectric modules work on two different thermoelectric principals :
- Peltier Effect: This effect introduce power to the module with a resultant cooling of one side and heating of the other these type of modules are low amp typically in the 6 amp range and are designed for low temperature exposure of NO MORE THAN 100°C to 110°C hot side. Higher temperature exposure will cause the module to either break apart or the soldered couples to melt from high heat making them poor choices for power generation!
- Seebeck Effect: This effect is created by a temperature differential across the TEG module from heating one side (hot side) and cooling the other side ((cold side) heat removal side) by moving the heat flux away from the modules face cold side as fast as it moves through the module you will produce the most power. LIQUID IS THE ONLY TRUE method to do this all other forms of heat removal will lower overall TEG power generation.
Thermoelectric Generators using the Seebeck Effect work on a temperature differentials. The greater the differential (DT) of the hot side less the cold side, the greater the amount of power (Watts) will be produced. Two critical factors dictate power output :
- The amount of heat flux(FLOW) that can successfully move through each TEG module.
- The temperature of the hot side less the temperature of the cold side Delta Temperature (DT).
- To understand how difficult it is to maintain a large DT go to What’s news page and read the blog pages. They will explain the best ways to get the most efficient designs, which will allow you to lower your cost per watt produced.
Great effort must be placed on the heat input design and especially the heat removal design (cold side). The better the TEG Generator construction is at moving heat from the hot side to the cold side and dissipating that heat as it moves thru the module array to the cold side the more power will be generated. Unlike solar PV which use large surfaces to generate power. Thermoelectric Seebeck effect modules are designed for very high power densities, on the order of 50 times greater than Solar PV!
because of this it requires well designed cooling sides with lots of surface area to dissipate the heat quickly. Moving liquid is the best way, secondly and far less efficient is with a heat pipe or heat sink with convection cooling( fan) air movement! Each of these designs dictate the effectiveness of power generation. Simply placing a Generator on a wood stove will NOT generate sufficient power
you need to penetrate the surface of the wood stove to transfer maximum heat. Wood stove radiate heat well but are VERY POOR HEAT MOVERS. Heat transfer is critical to power production. Just because a surface is hot doesn’t mean it can transfer heat effectively. Steel and cast iron (Material used in wood stoves offer poor Thermal Conductivity) therefore poor power production.
Thermoelectric Seebeck Generators using liquid on the cold side perform significantly better then any other method of cooling and produce significantly more net additional power than the pump consumes. As the system size increases so does the ability to produce a more efficient Thermoelectric Generator (TEG).
For any thermoelectric power generator (TEG), the voltage(V) generated by the TEG is directly proportional to the number of couples (N) and the temperature difference (Delta T) between the top and bottom sides of the TE generator and the Seebeck coefficients of the n and p- type materials. When you look at our TEG modules you will see a 126 or 70, 32, 25 in the part number. This is a reference to the amount of couples is series. The greater the couple count the greater the resultant voltage produced given everything else being equal.
The standard universal material we work with is BiTe. The best efficiency that can be achieved with this material is approximately 5%. But once the material is placed into a constructed module the efficiency drops to 3 to 4% depending on DT because of thermal and electrical impedance! Other material for different temperatures zone are also available. Such as CMO modules with temperatures up to 800°C . The standard BiTe hot side up to 320°C, Hybrid BiTe- PbTe up to 360°C, SnSe – PbSnTe up to 600°C, Calcium Manganese (CMO) up to 800°C, and CMO cascade with BiTe stacked up to 600°C . Soon we will be adding a new Cascade that works up to 750°C.
No other semiconductor material can perform as well as BiTe as far as efficiency is concerned at temperatures below 250°C.
Other material like PbTe are used but are far less efficient at lower temperatures, and must be used at significantly higher temperatures in the 400°C-600°C hot side range and CMO Calcium Manganese in the 450°C to 800°C to be efficient but are expensive to make and volume is low so cost is high!
Power output based on (DT) is very predictable and well documented, but access to this information is difficult to find. With power generation the thinner the length or thickness of the module the greater the amp output or rating.
You can have a 25 amp * module the same size typically 40 mm x 40 mm as a 3 amp module * in module size, but length or height of the pellet or element determines how much heat can pass thru the module. The ratio of the length compared the actual width x depth determines the overall amperage of the module. As the height of the pellet is shortened ability of heat flux to pass more quickly thru the module allows for greater power generation as long as DT can be maintained. That same 25 amp modules will produce over 8 times the amount of power as the 3 amp module. But 8 times the watts will need to pass thru that 25 amp module in order to produce that power. It is imperative that a DT be maintained. The module simply acts as a bridge. The larger the bridge area to length the greater the flow of heat and resulting power output.
Our low temperature modules (TEG2) are high amp modules with contacts that are soldered using AgTn solder on both sides. Although, the temperature of the solder has a 240°C melting point the solder begins to degrade at about 190-200°C . Therefore we recommend the hot side stay below 190C to allow for small temperature variations.
Our High Temperature Modules (TEG1 up to 320°C) use flame spraying high temperature metal Aluminum on the hot side and can withstand much higher temperatures in the range of 300°C hot side and have considerably larger tolerances when it comes to incidental higher temperature over shoots. So, much so that you can expose the hot side to 320°C intermittently with very little module degradation. This technique is much more expensive to implement and therefore the cost is reflected in the price of the modules.
Temperature of the hot side is probably the most critical component when considering Thermoelectric Generators. (DT) Delta T needs to be in the 100°C range to get a viable power output from each module. Want to see one working with outputs to show multimeter recordings from our unit click here https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-prKCGwV5M
In cases where all is needed is a milli watt, temperature becomes less critical.
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To finalize we will include an example:
100 watt TEG thermoelectric generator. The TEG’s output was designed based on a DT of 100 C (Hot side – Cold side)
- You would need at least 2000 watts of heat on the hot side given a 5% efficiency conversion.
- Require to dissipate 1900 watts of heat on the cold side continuously as only 100 watts is being converted to power.
- How critical is DT ? The same 100 watt TEG.
- If DT temperature is increase to 150°C your output would increase to roughly 150 watts.
- If DT increased again to 200°C your power output would increase again to roughly 200 watts.
Therefore, DT is the most critical criteria of power generation along with the movement of heat thru the TEG Modules (Seebeck Effect).
READ OUR TEG NEWS PAGE FOR GREAT INSIGHT INTO
CORRECT DESIGN REQUIREMENTS TO GET THE MOST FROM
THERMOELECTRIC POWER MODULES.
* Amp modules are for cooling and heating not representative of power output.