The prototypical catalytic reductiveC–Cbond formations, the Fischer-Tropsch
reaction  and alkene hydroformylation , were discovered in 1922 and
1938, respectively [3,4]. These processes, which involve reductive coupling to
carbon monoxide, have long been applied to the industrial manufacture of
commodity chemicals . Notably, alkene hydroformylation, also known as
the oxo-synthesis, has emerged as the largest volume application of homogeneous
metal catalysis, accounting for the production of over 7 million metric
tons of aldehyde annually.