Learn about different battery systems, explore future trends and discover which chemistries are most promising.
According to The Freedonia Group, a Cleveland-based industry research firm, the world demand for primary and secondary batteries is forecasted to grow to 7.7 percent annually to US$120 billion in 2019. Hybrid and electric vehicles will fuel the consumption; China will remain the largest market while India and South Korea will grow fastest.
The real growth lies in secondary (rechargeable) batteries. According to Frost & Sullivan, secondary batteries account for 76.4 percent of the global market, a number that is expected to increase to 82.6 percent in 2015. The demand for secondary batteries is driven by mobile phones and tablets. Earlier estimations for the electric vehicles may have been too optimistic and the figures have been adjusted downwards for now.
Secondary batteries will outpace primary (non-rechargeable) types. In 2009, primary batteries made up 23.6 percent of the global market and Frost & Sullivan predict a 7.4 percent decline by 2015. Non-rechargeable batteries are used in watches, electronic keys, remote controls, toys, sensors light, beacons, and military devices in combat.
Batteries are classified by chemistry and the most common are lithium-, lead-, and nickel-based systems. Figure 1 illustrates the distribution of these chemistries. At a 37 percent revenue distribution, Li-ion is the battery of choice for portable devices and the electric powertrain. There are no other systems that threaten its dominance today.
Figure 1: Revenue contributions by different battery chemistries
Courtesy of Frost & Sullivan (2009)
Lead acid stands its ground as being a robust and economical power source for bulk use. Even though Li-ion is making inroads into the lead acid market, the demand for lead acid batteries is still growing. The applications are divided into starter batteries for automotive, also known as SLI (20%), stationary batteries for power backup (8%), and deep-cycle batteries for wheeled mobility (5%) such as golf cars, wheelchairs and scissor lifts.
High specific energy and long storage has made alkaline more popular than the old carbon-zinc, which Georges Leclanché invented in 1868. Nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH) continues to hold an important role as it replaces applications previously served by nickel-cadmium (NiCd). However, at a three percent market share and declining, NiMH is becoming a minor player.
An emerging battery usage is the electric powertrain for personal transportation. Battery cost, longevity and environmental issues dictates how quickly the automotive sector will adopt this new propulsion system. Fossil fuel is cheap, convenient and readily available and alternative modes face stiff opposition, especially in North America. Government incentives may be needed, but such intervention distorts the true energy cost, shields underlying problems with fossil fuel and serves select lobby groups with short-term solutions. (See BU-1002: Electric Powertrain, HEV, PEV.)
New markets that further boost battery growth are the electric bicycle and storage systems for renewable energy of which homeowners, businesses and developing nations are benefiting. Large grid storage batteries collect surplus energy during high activity and bridge the gap when the input is low or when user-demand is heavy. (See BU-1001: Batteries in the Industrial Market.)
Batteries are advancing on two fronts. These developments are reflected in increased specific energy for longer runtimes and improved specific power for high-current load requirements. Improving one may not automatically increase the other and often there is a compromise. Figure 2 illustrates this relationship between specific energy in Wh/kg and specific power in W/kg.
Figure 2: Specific energy and specific power of rechargeable batteries.
Specific energy is the capacity a battery can hold in watt-hours per kilogram (Wh/kg); specific power is the battery’s ability to deliver power in watts per kilogram (W/kg).
The best performing battery is the secondary lithium-metal batteries (Li-metal). An early version was introduced in the 1980s by then Moli Energy, but instability with metallic lithium on the anode prompted a recall in 1991. Solid lithium tends to form metal filaments, or dendrites, that cause short circuits. Further attempts to solve this problem by other companies ended in discontinuing the developments.
The high specific energy and good power density of Li-metal is prompting manufacturers to revisit this powerful chemistry. Taming the dendrites and achieving the desired safety standard may be achieved by mixing metallic lithium with tin and silicon. Graphene is also being tried as part of an improved separator. Graphene is a thin layer of pure carbon with a thickness of one atom bonded together in a hexagonal honeycomb. (See BU-309: How does Graphite Work in Li-ion?)
Multi-layers separators that prevent the penetration of dendrite have also been tried. New experimental Li-metal batteries achieve 300Wh/kg and the potential is much higher. This is of special interest for the electric vehicle. (See BU-212: Experimental Rechargeable Batteries.)
* All references to dollar ($) pricing are in US dollars at the time of writing.
Last updated 2015-07-31
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