1 Technological and Environmental Impacts Evaluation of Biomass and Biofuels Supply Chain Papapostolou 1, E. Kondili 1, J.K. Kaldellis 2 1 Optimisation of Production Systems Lab 2 Soft Energy Applications & Environmental Protection Lab Technological Educational Institute of Piraeus Greece
2 Outline Introduction Present state situation Scope of the work Technological evaluation of biofuels Biomass characteristics and uses Modelling biomass and biofuels SCs The alternative SCs of biomass exploitation Modelling of the optimization problem The scope of the mathematical model Model indicative outputs Environmental evaluation of biofuels Comparative evaluation of biofuels SC Conclusions- future prospects
3 Introduction Continuously increasing energy demands Rapid growth in population and industrial development Depletion of fossil fuel reserves Deterioration of the environment / climate change Introduction of alternative fuels (hydrogen, natural gas, biofuels)
4 Introduction of alternative fuels Targets set under Directive 2003/30/EC 10% 5,75% 2% Directive 2009/28/EC amends and repeals Directive 2003/30/EC and sets new mandatory national targets by % share of energy from RES 10% share of energy from RES in EU transportation energy consumption
5 Present state situation 1/2 First Generation (1G) biofuels are mainly produced from edible feedstock from agricultural technologies Fully commercialized Second Generation (2G) biofuels are produced from non edible feedstock from advanced conversion technologies. Under commercialization Third Generation (3G) biofuels are produced from CO 2 neutral feedstock from advanced technologies. Under development Fourth Generation (4G) are produced from CO 2 negative 5/30 feedstock (emphasis in CO 2 storage).
6 Present State Situation 2/2 Challenges for biofuels (mainly against 1G) to face Food or Fuel? Carbon positive or Carbon negative biofuels? Environmental friends or eco- enemies? Energy consuming or energy favorable?
7 Scope of the work 1/2 The scope of the present work is to develop an integrated approach of the whole biomass biofuels supply chain and to demonstrate the main parameters determining the technological and environmental impacts of various generations of biofuels along with different production technologies.
8 Scope of the work 2/2 In order to: Reveal the best possible energy mix, By taking into consideration : the type and quantities of available raw materials, the conversion technologies, as well as the demand side needs.
9 Biomass characteristics and uses 1/2 When referring to biomass the basic characterization/nomenclature follows two key principles: the supply side (which types of raw materials are used) and the demand side (in which type of end product/ energy it is transformed) Exceptionally for biofuels, the categorization to 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd and 4 th generation is a bilateral resolution between feedstock and the processing technology.
10 Biomass characteristics and uses 2/2 Oil crops (rape, sunflower, etc.), waste oils, animal fats Sugar and starch crops Lignocellulosic biomass (wood, straw, energy crop, MSW, etc.)biodegradable MSW, sewage sludge, manure, wet wastes (farm and food wastes) Feedstock/ raw material Oil crops (rape, sunflower, etc.), waste oils,animal fats Sugar and starch crops Lignocellulosic biomass (wood, straw, energy crop, MSW, etc.) Biodegradable MSW, sewage sludge, manure, wet wastes (farm and food wastes) Photosynthetic micro- organisms, e.g microalgae and bacteria (Biomass upgrading)+ Combustion Gasification (+ secondary process) Pyrolysis (+ secondary process) Anaerobic (+ biogas upgrading) Conversion process/ production Trans-esterification or hydrogenation technology (Hydrolysis) +Fermentation Gasification (+ secondary process) Pyrolysis (+ secondary process) Anaerobic Digestion (+ biogas upgrading) Other biological /Chemical routes Bio-photochemical routes HEAT and/or POWER End product/ End use Biodiesel, Bioethanol Syndiesel Renewable diesel Methanol Dimethylether Hydrogen Biomethane
11 Modelling biomass and biofuels SCs 1/2 From simple: Agri food Supply Chains (SCs), Dealing with production and distribution problems Aiming farmers at decision making process subsidized farming options, process for crop rotation selection and/or new machines equipment procurement With optimization criterion Profit maximization Yield maximization Multi-biomass (heating cooling and electricity) SC, With optimization criterion Maximization of NPV of the investment
12 Modelling biomass and biofuels SCs 1/2 State-Task-Network (STN) approaches Biomass to heat SCs Optimization criterion: total system cost minimization Multistage optimization Biomass to biofuels Waste biomass-to-energy supply chain management Carbon footprint optimization of regional biomass Biomass to biorefineries SC s design and management
13 Alternative SCs of biomass exploitation Raw materials production (which is related to the land availability and suitability, soil s efficiency associated to different types of plants) Biofuels production (which refers to the transformation of raw materials through various processes into biofuels) Biofuels distribution/blending (if provided to the end consumers in mixed state) Consumption Biomass to biofuels SC and its characteristics
14 Alternative SCs of biomass exploitation Raw materials production (which is related to the land availability and suitability, soil s efficiency associated to different types of plants, or wastes availability) Drying and chipping and storage of the processed feedstock *Digestion to biogas - in the case of animal wastes as feedstock Combustion to heat and power Biomass to heat and power SC with the incorporation of animal wastes input stream and theirs characteristics
15 Supply chain parameters Decision of the point to enter in the supply chain is a strategic issue for policy makers The choice of domestic raw materials cultivation is determined by the land availability The choice of domestic biomass exploitation is determined by the capacity of national agriculture/ residues Energy needs of local character maybe totally covered by biomass optimal exploitation
16 The scope of the mathematical model Developing a mathematical model for biomass supply chain contributes to: Formulating the types of decisions to be made i.e Shift from operational- local level decisions to strategic State level decisions about the type and quantities of produced biomass (biofuel-heat-power) Optimum biomass supply chain exploitation i.e. Maximization of the penetration rate of biomass to national energy fuel mix
17 Modelling of the optimization problem 1/4 The proposed model has the capability to incorporate parametrically a large number of biomass raw materials so as to produce heat, power and biofuels. The outcome indicates, among other results, which biomass types should be chosen and in which quantities in order to optimize the total value of the supply chain. Problem definition For a given time horizon For a set of selected geographical areas For a set of raw materials
18 Modelling of the optimization problem 2/4 Optimization criterion Maximize the total value (in economic and or energy terms, appropriately defined) deriving from biomass exploitation Subject to: Conversion constraints Conversion of raw material into heat and or power. The delivered quantity of heat for each raw material is determined by the corresponding conversion factor. Conversion of raw material into biofuels. The delivered quantity of heat for each raw material is determined by the corresponding conversion factor.
19 Modelling of the optimization problem 3/4 Availability constraints Raw materials availability (residues production capacity, seasonality, animal wastes production capacity). Plants storage facilities- processing units availability (production capacity, of the existing infrastructures). Capacity constraints Capacity of the processing facilities. Capacity of the storage facilities. Biomass safety stock for full-load operation. Capacity of the CHP units. The delivered quantity of biofuels is determined by the capacity of the each production plant. Mass balances considering yields in the production units.
20 Modelling of of the the optimization problem 4/4 Energy demand constraints Satisfying the energy demands. The produced energy mix must satisfy the heat, power and transportation demands. Variables Raw material produced quantities, facilities siting, creation or not of new infrastructures, end products produced quantities (heat- powerbiofuel). Parameters Land s availability, feedstock to end product conversion factors, endfuel production cost in the plants, productions plants capacities, end products selling prices etc, transportation/logistics costs, environmental (measurable) impacts for each of the selected methods.
21 Model indicative outputs 1/2 Selection or not to produce: Heat and/or Power and/or Biofuels In an optimum mix Defined either in economic terms (profit maximization) and/or in terms of maximum energy yield (maximization of energy output) For a resulted selected feedstock set
22 Model indicative outputs 2/2 The results from model implementation include the following: Decision making in investing in domestic raw materials cultivation Decision making in investing in which type of biomass production units Determination of cultivation and production units sitting The main difficulty and the critical factors for the successful model The main difficulty and the critical factors for the successful model implementation are the reliability and validity of all data being collected and employed.
23 Comparative evaluation of biofuels SC Index Land Carbon dept [mg CO 2 /ha] Land utilization [t/ha] Energy NEV [E output -E input -E co-product MJ/l] Energy balance [MJ biofuel (1lt) / MJ energy consumed] Gross energy yield [ GJ/ha] Air-Climate GHG emissions [g CO 2 eq./ MJ] GHG balance or GHG savings [%] Water Water consumption [lt H 2 O/ lt biofuel] Eutrophication [kg, P,N/ ha] Flora- Fauna The same indices as water Biodiesel Bioethanol 1G 2G 1G 2G Environmental indices per natural source/receiver depending on biofuels generation
24 Conclusions 1/2 The environmental evaluation of biofuels SC indentified that the most energy-consuming / eco- less friendlier process step is : Production stage, and the critical parameters incorporated: Primary use of land External inputs (water, energy, fossil fuels, fertilizers interaction with terrestrial ecosystem) GHG emissions Possible transition from 1 st to 2 nd generation biofuels maybe identified, if the major energy indices are examined.
25 Conclusions 2/2 Model outputs Types of raw materials production Quantity of raw materials to be processed by the plant Quantities of final products Financial benefits Already the model was tested for the prefecture of Thessaloniki, and results were promising. Future work should include: Model application in similar green energy supply chains The inclusion of cost parameters concerning transport issues, environmental issues, sitting themes (GIS incorporation), more complicate economic structures (deprecation issues, investment issues).
26 Thank you for your attention Optimisation of Production Systems Lab http //ikaros.teipir teipir..gr/mecheng/ops Soft Energy Protection Lab Applications & Environmental www sealab..gr
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