History of Cookies - Cookie History
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Each country has its own word for "cookie." What we know as cookies are called biscuits in England and Australia, in Spain they're galletas, Germans call them keks or Plätzchen for Christmas cookies, and in Italy there are several names to identify various forms of cookies including amaretti and biscotti, and so on. The name cookie is derived from the Dutch word koekje, meaning "small or little cake." Biscuit comes from the Latin word bis coctum, which means, “twice baked.”
According to culinary historians, the first historic record of cookies was their use as test cakes. A small amount of cake batter was baked to test the oven temperature.
From the web site, How Sweet It Was: Cane Sugar from the Ancient World to the Elizabethian Period, by Brandy and Courtney Powers:
1596 - From the 1596 cookbook called Goode Huswife's Jewel by Thomas Dawson. One of the earliest cookery books for the growing middle classes in Elizabethan England. This is a square short-cookie enriched with egg yolks and spices, baked on parchment paper.
During the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe, baking was a carefully controlled profession, managed through a series of Guilds or professional associations. To become a baker, people had to complete years of an apprenticeship - working through the ranks of apprentice, journeyman, and finally master baker. By having guilds, authorities could easily regulate the amount and quality of goods baked. As technology improved during the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, so did the ability of bakers to make a wide range of sweet and savory biscuits for commercial consumption. Despite more varieties becoming available, the essential ingredients of biscuits didn't change. These ingredients are 'soft' wheat flour, which contains less protein than the flour used to bake bread, sugar, and fats, such as butter and oil.
The English, Scotch, and Dutch immigrants originally brought the first cookies to the United States. Our simple butter cookies strongly resemble the English teacakes and the Scotch shortbread. The Southern colonial housewife of America took great pride in her cookies, almost always called simply tea cakes. These were often flavored with nothing more than the finest butter, sometimes with the addition of a few drops of rose water.
In earlier American cookbooks, cookies were given no space of their own but were listed at the end of the cake chapter. They were called by such names as Jumbles, Plunkets, and Cry Babies. The names were extremely puzzling and whimsical
There are hundreds upon hundreds of
cookie recipes in the United States. No one book could hold the recipes for
all the various types of cookies. The geographic development of the United
States was reflected in popular cookie recipes. The railroad's expansion in
the early 1800s gave cooks access to coconuts from the South. Later in the
century, oranges from the West were included in many recipes. Around the
turn of the century, the Kellogg brothers in Michigan invented cornflakes
and cookies were made with cereal products. In the 1930s, with the advent of
electric refrigerators, icebox cookies reached new heights of popularity.
Today there are hundreds upon hundreds of cookie recipes in the United
States. No one book could hold the recipes for all of the various types of
In total there have been 37 different varieties of animal crackers since 1902. The current 17 varieties of crackers are tigers, cougars, camels, rhinoceros, kangaroos, hippopotami, bison, lions, hyenas, zebras, elephants, sheep, bears, gorillas, monkeys, seals, and giraffes. There are 22 crackers per box.
Animal Crackers became such a part of American life that Christopher Morley (1890-1957), American humorist, playwright, poet, essayist, and editor, wrote the following poem:
1815-1832 - The recipe
for these biscuits can be traced back to Scotland and the traditional
Scottish Oat cakes, also know as bannocks which are thin, flat unleavened
oat cakes that are baked on a griddle. During the Scottish immigration to
Australia and New Zealand in the early 1800s, it was only natural that the
Scottish women brought their recipes for oat cakes with them. They probably
had a supply with them on the ships they came in.|
1914-1918 - During World War 1 (1914-1918), the wives, mothers and girlfriends of the Australian
and New Zealand soldiers were concerned for the nutritional value of the food being supplied to their men. A food was needed that would survive
the long journey by mail to the war front to ANZAC troops serving overseas. The biscuits took two months by sea, with no
refrigeration, to reach the soldiers at Gallipoli. On April 25, 1915, the ANZACs (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) landed at
Gallipoli, and suffered the worst defeat in Australian military history. At first the biscuits were called Soldiers’ Biscuits, but after the landing on
Gallipoli, they were renamed ANZAC Biscuits. To keep them fresh and crisp they were packed, in old airtight tins.
Biscotti (bee-SKAWT-tee) – In Italian, biscotti means, "twice cooked." The word biscotto is derived from bis (twice) and cotto (cooked). Biscotti is also the generic term for cookies in Italian. The dough is formed into logs and baked until golden brown. The logs are then sliced, and the individual biscotti are baked again to give them their characteristic dryness. The shelf life of biscotti are three to four months without preservatives or additives. Other countries have their version of this cookie - >Dutch rusk, French biscotte, and the German zwieback.
According to the Arnott Biscuit Company:
Early Seaman’s biscuits, also known as hard tack, probably were the first version of biscotti. They were the perfect food for sailors who were at sea for months at a time on long ocean voyages. The biscuits were thoroughly baked to draw out the moisture, becoming a cracker-like food that that was resistant to mold. Biscotti were a favorite of Christopher Columbus who relied on them on his long sea voyage in the 15th century. Historians believe that the first Italian biscotti were first baked in 13th century Tuscany in the in a city called Prato.
Brownies - A chocolate bar cookie. The name comes from the deep-brown color of the cookie.
The origins of the chocolate brownies is uncertain but it is felt that it was probably created by accident, the result of a forgetful cook neglecting to add baking powder to chocolate cake batter. Sears, Roebuck catalog in 1897 published the first known recipe for the brownies, and it quickly became very popular (so popular that a brBownie mix was even sold in the catalog). According to some sources, this was a recipe for a molasses candy merely called brownies. The name honored the elfin characters featured in popular books, stories, cartoons and verses at the time by Palmer Cox; the Eastman Kodak Brownie camera was also named after these elves.
According to cookbook author and culinary historian, Jean Anderson, in The American Century Cookbook: The Most Popular Recipes Of The 20th Century, the two earliest published recipes for chocolate brownies appear in Boston-based cookbooks - the first in a 1906 edition of The Boston Cooking-School Cook Book edited by Fannie Merritt Farmer.
The second recipe, appearing in the 1907 Lowney’s Cook Book, written by Maria Willet Howard. Ms. Howard was a protégé of Fannie Farmer. She added an extra egg and an extra square of chocolate to the Boston Cooking-School recipe, creating a richer, more chocolate brownie. She named the recipe Bangor Brownies.
Chocolate Chip Cookie - Today the chocolate chip cookie remains a favorite choice among cookie connoisseurs. The term "toll house" has become a part of the American language.
1937 - The first chocolate chip cookies was invented in 1937 by Ruth Graves Wakefield (1905-1977), of Whitman, Massachusetts, who ran the Toll House Restaurant. The Toll House Restaurant site was once a real toll house built in 1709, where stage coach passengers ate a meal while horses were changed and a toll was taken for use of the highway between Boston and New Bedford, a prosperous whaling town. The Wakefields sold the restaurant in 1966. It burned down on New Year's Eve in 1984.
One of Ruth's favorite recipes was an old recipe for "Butter Drop Do" cookies that dated back to colonial times. The recipe called for the use of baker's chocolate. One day Ruth found herself without a needed ingredient. Having a bar of semisweet chocolate on hand, she chopped it into pieces and stirred the chunks of chocolate into the cookie dough. She assumed that the chocolate would melt and spread throughout each cookie. Instead the chocolate bits held their shape and created a sensation. She called her new creation the Toll House Crunch Cookies. The Toll House Crunch Cookies became very popular with guests at the inn, and soon her recipe was published in a Boston newspaper, as well as other papers in the New England area. Word of the cookie spread and it became popular.
This cookie became known nationally when Betty Crocker
used it in her radio series on "Famous Foods From Famous Eating Places."
Ruth approached the Nestle company and together, they reached an agreement
that allowed Nestle to print what would become the Toll House Cookie recipe
on the wrapper of the Semi-Sweet Chocolate Bar.
The company developed a scored semisweet chocolate bar
with a small cutting implement so that making the chocolate chunks would be
easier. According to the story, part of this agreement included
supplying Ruth with all of the chocolate she could use to make her delicious
cookies for the rest of her life.
- Ruth sold all legal rights to the use of the Toll House trademark
to Nestle. On August 25, 1983, the Nestle Company lost its exclusive right
to the trademark in federal court. Toll house is now a descriptive term for
- A third grade class from Somerset, Massachusetts
proposed that the chocolate chip cookie be designated the official
cookie of the Commonwealth. The chocolate chip cookie was designated the
official cookie of the Commonwealth on July 9, 1997 under the General Laws
1996, 1999, and 2003 -
Check out Linda's recipe for
Chocolate Chip Cookies.
Fig Newton - There are two claims on who invented the Fig Newton Cookies:
1892 - The Nabisco Company has maintained that the Fig Newton was invented in 1891 by Philadelphia inventor, James Henry Mitchell. Mitchell is said to have invented the duplex dough-sheeting machines and funnels that made the jam-filled cookies possible. This machine was patented in January of 1892. The cookies were named for Newton, MA. Information on history of Animal Crackers is from Out of the Cracker Barrel: From Animal Crackers to ZuZu's, by William Cahn [Simon & Schuster: New York] 1969:
1899 - The website of Historic Roser Park, located in
St Petersburg, Florida claims that Charles Martin Roser
(1864-1937), also known as C. M. Roser had a
cookie and candy manufacturing company that made Fig Newton Cookies.
has it that Roser sold Nabisco the rights to his fig cookies for 1
million dollars, the modern equivalent of about 19 million. To this
date, no information has been found to back up this claim.
Fortune Cookie – A tasty Chinese-American wafer cookie with a piece of paper inside with a “fortune” written on it.
Some historians think that the inspiration for Fortune Cookies come from the 12th and 13th centuries when Chinese soldiers slipped rice paper messages into mooncakes to help coordinate their defense against Mongolian invaders. According to legend, the Mongolians had no taste for lotus nut paste. Because of this, the Chinese hid the message containing the date of the uprising and the instructions coordinating the uprising in the middle of their Moon Cakes (replacing the yolk with secret messages). Patriotic revolutionary, Chu Yuan Chang took on the disguise of a Taoist priest and entered occupied walled cities handing out Moon Cakes. These were the instructions to coordinate the uprising which successfully formed the basis of the Ming Dynasty.
It is also a Chinese custom when children are born for the families to send out cake rolls with a message inside announcing the birth of the child. For almost 40 years, the fortune cookies were made using chopsticks.
The messages in the first fortune cookies were simple proverbs or bits of Scripture. By the 1930s, English variations on Confucian logic crept in. Some fortune writers took an American slant, lifting bits from Poor Richard's Almanac. Today, the fortune these cookies carry can contain messages from Biblical verses, romantic messages, corporate messages, and many more.
- Makota Hagiwara, a landscape architect and caretaker of the Japanese Tea
Gardens from the early 1900's until the outbreak of World War II, made
Fortune Cookies in Los Angeles in the early 1900s.Using a Japanese rice
cookie called "tsjiura sembei", he created cookies bearing thank you notes,
which helped him in a dispute with the city’s mayor. He displayed his
creation at the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exhibition held in San Francisco. The
Court of Historical Reviews and Appeals, a San Francisco mock court, ruled that San Francisco is
the rightful “fortune cookie capital of the world” in 1983.
- Another story says that a Cantonese immigrant, David Jung (a Los Angeles
baker) began making cookies with thin slips of paper inside sometime around
1920. Jung handed out these cookies, which contained words of encouragement,
to the poor and homeless people on the streets. He later founded the Hong
Kong Noodle Company and produced cookies with fortunes inside.
- Edward Louie, owner of the Lotus Fortune Cookie Company in San Francisco,
invented a machine that could fold the cookies in half a lot faster. It is a
matter of debate as to where in American these cookies were first made.
Dandy funk - Also called Danderfunk. A pudding made by sailors using crumbled hardtack, fat, and molasses.
History is not clear when people first began to make hardtack, but it’s quite probable that its history began in prehistory. Prehistoric people boiled grains; they cooked grains and added vegetables and herbs to the mixture; and sometimes they ground it into a powder, mixed it with water, and dried it on a hot stone. Six thousand year-old unleavened biscuits have been found in Switzerland.
Hardtack was a part of the staple diet of English and American sailors for many centuries. Christopher Columbus took unleavened bread with him on his journeys. Sailors referred to it as sea biscuit, sea bread, ship biscuit, Midshipman’s nuts, and pilot bread. During the early settlement of North America, the exploration of the continent, the American Revolution, and on through the American Civil War, armies were kept alive with hardtack.
During the American Civil War (1861-1865), a soldier in the army, both north
and south was usually issued one half pound of beans or peas, bacon, pickled
beef, compressed mixed vegetables and one pound of hard tack. Too hard to be
eaten whole, it was generally broken up with a rock or rifle butt, placed in
the cheek pocket and softened with saliva enough to be chewed and swallowed. The hardtack was also soaked in water and then fried in bacon grease to
soften it. The soldiers called the biscuits "sheet iron crackers", "teeth dullers", or "worm castles" in references to the weevils and maggots all too
often found in the hardtack boxes. It appears that it was first called hardtack by the Union Army of the Potomac; although the name spread
to other units, it was generally referred to as hard bread by the armies of the West.
Ladyfingers- Oval-shaped cookies or cakes that are also known around the world as Boudoir biscuits, sponge biscuits, sponge fingers, Naples biscuits, Savoy biscuits (Savoiardi) and biscuits a la cuiller.
11th Century - The recipe, which has changed little in nine hundred years, dates from the House of Savoy in the eleventh century France. Historians seem to think that the recipe was carried throughout Europe by the marriages of the descendents of Bertha of Savoy (1051-1081) to the royalty of Europe.
18th Century - Folklore has it that Czar Peter the Great of Russia (1689-1725) and his wife, the peasant empress Catherine, so enjoyed Ladyfingers when visiting Louis XV of France (1774), that they purchased the Baker and sent him immediately to Saint Petersburg.
- Specialty Bakers Inc., a small bakery company on the banks of the
Susquehanna River in Marysville, Pennsylvania, is known as "The
Ladyfinger Specialist." Virtually all the commercially available Ladyfingers
in America have been baked by Specialty Bakers since 1901.
Macaroon (mak-uh-ROON) - A small round cookie that has a crisp crust and a soft interior. It may be made from almonds, though coconut is common in the U.S. They may also be flavored with coffee, chocolate, or spices.
1792 - They originated in an Italian Monastery around 1792. During the French Revolution (1789-1799), the sequestration of monasteries in southern Europe were heavy blows to the Carmelites Order. The Carmelite nuns to pay for their housing when they needed asylum during the French Revolution baked these cookies. According to some historians, the Carmelite nuns followed the principle: "Almonds are good for girls who do not eat meat." During the Revolution, two nuns who hid in the village called Nancy, made and sold macaroons. They became known as the "Macaroon Sisters.”
In 1799, the Carmetlite community, as did the whole Catholic Church and especially religious life, began experiencing a series of difficulties and persecution that lasted throughout the19th century. In those years, throughout the succession of historical events, the nuns, constantly harassed, had to struggle and suffer much so that their monastery would not be suppressed or they themselves expelled from it. Today in the city Antequera, Spain, the order sells pastries and bread to the public, but are not allowed visual contact with the outside world, so the transactions are carried out by means of a bell-rope and a revolving wooden door.
Nazareth Sugar Cookie - Also called Amish Sugar Cookies. The recipe was perfected by the Moravians, Protestant settlers from Germany who made Nazareth their home during the mid-1700s. The Nazareth area of Pennsylvania has provided much of the stimulus for the founding, settlement and growth of the commonwealth. The sturdy sugar cookie is baked in the shape of a Keystone, the state’s symbol .
2001 - House Bill 1892 was introduced on September
5, 2001 to designate and adopt the Nazareth sugar cookie as
the official cookie of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. A delegate of nine
people from the city of Nazareth traveled to Harrisburg to deliver 350
cookies to the desks legislators, the Governor, and the Lieutenant Governor.
(See Chocolate Chip Cookies to read about the debate.)
Peanut Butter Cookies - Hand rolled dough containing peanut butter. Dough is rolled into a ball and then flattened with the tins of a fork.
George Washington Carver (1864-1943), an African-American educator, botanist and scientist from Alabama's Tuskegee Institute, began to promote the peanut as a replacement for the cotton crop which had been destroyed by the boil weevil. By 1903, he developed hundreds of uses for peanuts in recipes. In his 1916 Research Bulletin called How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it for Human Consumption, he has a three recipes for peanut cookies calling for crushed/chopped peanuts as an ingredient.
In 1922, Joseph L. Rosefield began selling a number of brands of peanut butter in California. These peanut butters were churned like butter so they were smoother than the gritty peanut butters of the day. He soon received the first patent for a shelf-stable peanut butter which would stay fresh for up to a year because the oil didn't separate from the peanut butter. One of the first companies to adopt this new process was Swift & Company for its E.K. Pond peanut butter - renamed Peter Pan in 1928. In 1932, Rosefield had a dispute with Peter Pan and began producing peanut butter under the Skippy label the following year. Rosefield created the first crunchy style peanut butter two years later by adding chopped peanuts into creamy peanut butter at the end of the manufacturing process.
It is not until the early 1930s that peanut butter was listed as an ingredient in cookies. The 1933 edition of Pillsbury's Balanced Recipes by Mary Ellis Ames, Director of the Pillsbury Cooking Service, contains a recipe for Peanut Butter Balls. It instructs the cook to roll the dough into balls and press them down with the tines of a fork. This practice is still common in America today.
Check out Linda's recipe for
Peanut Butter Cookies.
Pizzelle (pit-sell) - Pizzelle's come from Italy. Pizzelle are also known as Italian wafer cookies and there are various ways which to spell pizzelle such as piazelle, piazella, pizzele and pizelle. The name comes from the Italian word pizze for round and flat. Many different cultures have adapted this cookie and re-named it accordingly. In Scandinavia they are also known as Lukken and the Krumcake is baked using a similar iron as the pizzelle.
In some parts of Italy, the irons would be made with family crests on them which would be passed down to each generation.
Pizzelles are the oldest known cookie and originated in the mid-section of Italy. They were made many years ago for the "Festival of the Snakes" also known as the "Feast Day of San Domenico" in the village of Colcullo in the Italian region of Abruzzo. This village in Italy that was once overrun with snakes, and they were chased out. Afterwards the village celebrated with pizzelle. Sweet bread pancakes, know as pizzelles, are sold in an auction, to receive the offers of the faithful: they will be on show during the procession with the statue of the saint enveloped by live snakes.
According to an article from the Lonely Planet Publications on the Festival of the Snakes:
Pizzelles is similar in meaning to Pizza. In Salle, in the Abruzzi region of Italy, there is a festival, which takes place in which pizzelle plays a large role. The feast is held in July to honor Beato Roberto a twelfth-century monk. When the feast begins, people bring food to the town square and some people attach pizzelle to tree branches and proceed down the street with them."
Pizzelle makers are typically called irons, because the first ones were
just that — irons that were forged by blacksmiths. Women would go to local
blacksmiths, and the blacksmiths would make them and work in a design for
them . In some parts of Italy, the irons
would be made with family crests on them which would be passed down to each
. In some parts of Italy, the irons would be made with family crests on them which would be passed down to each generation.To many Italians, there is no feast without pizzelles.
Check out Linda's
Italian Pizzelles - Italian Wafer Cookie Recipe.
Snickerdoodles - Traditional snickerdoodles are coated with cinnamon sugar before being baked.
Cookies as we know them in America were originally brought to the United States by our English, Scottish, and Dutch immigrants. Earlier names for cookies such as Snickerdoodles and Cry Babies originated with the New England states. Even with its early history, cookies did not become popular until about a hundred years ago.
In earlier American cookbooks, cookies were given no space of their own but were listed at the end of the cake chapter. They were called by such names as "jumbles," "Plunkets," and "Cry Babies." The names were extremely puzzling and whimsical. New England cooks seem to have had a penchant for giving odd names to their dishes, apparently for no other reason than the fun of saying them. Snickerdoodles comes from a tradition of this sort that includes Graham Jakes, Jolly Boys, Branble, Tangle Breeches, and Kinkawoodles.
Check out Linda's recipe for
Springerle (SPRING-uhr-lee) - These have been and still are traditional Christmas cookies in Bavaria and Austria for centuries. Springerle are white, anise-flavored cookies, made from a simple egg-flour-sugar dough. Usually rectangular or circular in shape, they have a picture or design stamped on the top. The images are imprinted with specially carved rolling pins or flat molds (Springerle presses, or boards). After the cookies are baked, the designs are sometimes enhanced with edible food colors--or with tempera or acrylic paints, if the cookies are to be used as decorations. Hartshorn is the traditional leavening (it is an ammonia compound).
These cookies are made with a leavening agent called ammonium carbonate, or baking ammonia. Ammonium carbonate is a byproduct of hartshorn, a substance extracted from deer antlers (harts horn). This leavener is the precursor of today's baking powder and baking soda .If you sample the dough of these cookies, you will be able to taste the ammonia, but it will completely evaporate out when the cookies are baked
The name Springerle comes from an old German dialect and means "little knight" or "jumping horse." Historians trace these cookies back to the Julfest, a midwinter celebration of pagan Germanic tribes. Julfest ceremonies included the sacrificing of animals to the gods, in hope that such offerings would bring a mild winter and an early spring. Poor people who could not afford to kill any of their animals gave token sacrifices in the form of animal-shaped breads and cookies. Vestiges of these pagan practices survive in the baking of shaped-and-stamped German Christmas cookies such as Lebkuchen, Spekulatius, Frankfurter Brenten, and Springerle.
Scenes from the Bible were some of the earliest images portrayed on the springerle molds. and were used to educate those who couldn't read or write. Eventually, other scenes were carved and the cookies soon reflected images of holidays, events, and scenes from every day life. The cookies were also used to celebrate births, weddings, and used as betrothal tokens. Exchanging springerle during the holidays was a common practice very much like we exchange cards today.
The oldest known springerle mold from Switzerland was carved from wood in the 14th century. This round shaped mold pictures the Easter lamb, and originates from the St. Katharine monastery in Will St. Gallen. It is now in the collection of the Swiss national museum in Zurich, Switzerland.
Check out Linda's
German Springerle Cookie Recipe.
(TWEEl) - French for "tile." A tuile is a thin, crisp cookie that is
placed over a rounded object (like a rolling pin or a mold) while still hot
from the oven. Once cooled and stiff, the cookie resembles a curved roof
tile. The classic tuile is made with crushed almonds but the cookie can also
be flavored with orange, lemon, vanilla or other nuts. Tuiles belong to a
category of small fancy cookies, pastries, or confections called "petits
And All The King's Men, Fine Springerle Cookies.
Anzac Biscuit, Australian War Memorial.
Baking History, Joyofbaking web site, by Stephanie Jaworski.
Carmelites, Origin and Early History, The Free Dictionary.
Crusty debate rages in Legislature over official state cookie, by Bill Tolland, 3/14/03, Beaver County Times and Allegheny Times newspapers.
Cultural Icon: Fortune Cookies, by Alexandria Abramian, Hemisphere Magazine, 1999 United Airlines.
Edible Art: Springerle Cookies for Christmas, by Sharon Hudgins, December, 2001.
Festival of Snakes, Italy, Lonely Planet Publications.
Food Lover's Companion: Comprehensive Definitions of over 4000 Food, Wine and Culinary Terms, by Sharon Tyler Herbst, Barron's Educational Series, Inc. 1995, Second Edition.
Food Timeline History Notes: Cookies, Crackers & Biscuits, by Lynne Olver, editor Food Timeline, Morris County Library.
Fortune cookie US invention, by Ellie Parvin, Golden Gater Online.
Four centuries of Spousal love for Christ, Catholic Information Network (CIN), Eternal Word Television Network.
From Hardtack to Home Fries: An Uncommon History of American Cooks and Meals, by Barbara Haber, Free Press, April, 2002.
How Sweet It Was: Cane Sugar from the Ancient World to the Elizabethian Period, by Brandy and Courtney Powers.
How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it for Human Consumption, by George Washington Carver, Tuskegee Institute, Alabama, Seventh Edition 1940.
In the Chips - The Complete Chocolate Chip Cookbook, by Peggy Mellody and Linda Rosenbloom, Rawson Associates, New York, 1985.
Origins of Springerle Molds, Änis-Paradies Olten.
Out of the Cracker Barrel: From Animal Crackers to ZuZu's, by William Cahn [Simon & Schuster:New York] 1969.
Pages from The Closet of Sir Kenelme Digbie Kt Opened.Stefan's Florilegium, cookies-msg, by Mark Harris.
The Arab Contribution to Civilisation, Arab World Institute, Institut du Monde Arabe, Paris.
The First American Cookbook: A Facsimile of American Cookery; 1796 by Amelia Simmons; Unabridged republication of American Cookery, as reprinted by Oxford University Press, New York, 1984 Dover Publications edition.
The American History Cookbook, by Mark H. Zanger, Greenwood Press, Wesport, Connecticut, 2003.
The General Assembly of Pennsylvania, Senate Bill, No. 320 Session 2003, Chocolate Chip Cookie.
The General Assembly of Pennsylvania, Senate Bill, No. 271 Session 1999, Chocolate Chip Cookie.
The General Assembly of Pennsylvania, House Bill, No. 1892 Session 2001, Nazareth Sugar Cookie.
The Good Housewife's Jewel, Thomas Dawson, with an introduction by Maggie Black, originally publlished 1596, reprinted bySouthover Press, London 1996.
The History of Fortune Cookies, Fortune Cookies Co., Ltd, http://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/BI/BT/1999/0/SB0271P0271.HTM, an internet web site.
The Oxford Companion to Food, by Alan Davidson, Oxford University Press: Oxford.
The snake rites for St. Dominick (Cocullo), by Vincenzo Battista, December 2001.
What's Cooking America© copyright 2004 by Linda Stradley - United States Copyright TX 5-900-517- All rights reserved. -