ACL Injury or Menicus Tear – The Buckling Knee
Having a sense of the knee ‘giving way’ or ‘locking’ is a fairly common complaint by athletes who have twisted their knees in sports like basketball, netball, soccer or badminton. The sensation of ‘giving way’ is an indication that you might have an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear or ACL tear, while the ‘locking’ sensation is an indication of a possible meniscus tear.
The ACL is a fairly strong ligament found between the knee-joint. Its main role is to limit the forward movement (anterior translation) of the leg bone (tibia) on the thigh bone (femur).
When athletes change direction quickly during their games, they twist their knee inwards. This increases the strain on the ACL and places the ligament at risk of tearing. The ACL tears when the knee is forced downwards and inwards beyond the ligament’s ability to hold. Athletes who tear their ACL often report hearing a ‘pop’ on an injury.
Unfortunately, the ACL is very rarely the only ligament involved in this kind of injury. It is normally accompanied with a slight tear in the Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) and either a medial or lateral meniscus (cartilage) tear. These three tears are commonly known as the ‘Unhappy Triad’ or ‘Terrible Triad’.
The meniscus, which is the crescent-shaped cartilage between the knee, acts as a cushion to absorb the impact between the leg and thigh bone. The meniscus is better at the handling stress from an up and down motion. It doesn’t do as well under a twisting motion especially when compressed. This motion can cause a tear in the meniscus. The knee feels ‘locked’ when the torn part of the meniscus blocks the movement of the knee.
Immediate swelling and severe pain in the knee are common signs of this Triad injury. However, there are occasions where there will be a delay in the onset of swelling or even no swelling at all. Remember how you injured the knee. It helps your Doctor or Physiotherapist in diagnosing this problem.
Solving the Problem
Sadly, the ACL doesn’t heal on its own due to the poor blood supply to the ligament. It would need to be reconstructed surgically by using either your hamstring tendon or patella tendon. Rehabilitation after surgery normally takes about 6-9 months before the athlete is able to go back to full training.
Nevertheless, there are about 20% of people with ACL tears who are able to go about their day-to-day activities without having their ACL reconstructed. To cope without surgery, the following muscles need to have good strength and control:
- Quadriceps (thigh)
- Gluteus Medius
- Gastrocnemius (calf)
Besides doing strengthening exercises, slowly getting back into sports specific training is essential. This is so that your muscles can develop an anticipatory reaction (a feed-forward mechanism) to prevent injury.
Sports taping of the knee to support the ACL and MCL can also be done as a temporary measure for the athlete to cope with the injury until the end of the season.