There are various practical aids to progress in japa meditation that have been tested for thousands of years and are based on sound psychological and natural principles.
A japa mala, similar to a rosary, is often used in mantra repetition. It helps to foster alertness, acts as a focus for the physical energy and is an aid to rhythmic, continuous recitation. It consists of 108 beads. An additional bead, the Meru, is slightly larger than the others. It is the signal indicating that with one mantra recited for each bead, japa has been done 108 times, or one mala. The fingers should not cross the Meru. When it is reached, the beads are reversed in the hand; one continues reciting the mantra, moving the mala in the opposite direction. The thumb and third finger roll the beads; the index finger, which is psychically negative, is never used. The rosary must not be allowed to hang below the navel, and should be wrapped in a clean cloth when not in use.
Variety in japa is necessary to sustain interest, avoid fatigue and counteract the monotony that can arise from constant repetition of the same syllables. This can be provided by modifying the volume. The mantra can be repeated aloud for a while, then whispered, and then recited mentally. The mind needs variety or it becomes tired.
Unaccustomed to this kind of activity, the beginner at first may find himself giving up too soon, after five or ten minutes of repeating the mantra. By persevering for at least half an hour without interruption, he will give the mantra time to work itself into his consciousness, and benefits will be felt in a few days.
Meditation on the image of the chosen deity while the mantra is being repeated adds tremendously to the efficacy of japa. Sound and form correspond and reinforce each other. Sound vibrations alone, if made with care and devotion, are capable of producing the form in the consciousness of the aspirant. The process can be greatly facilitated by visualising the deity in the heart area or the space between the eyebrows. Thus, in meditating on Siva, the physical energy is focused on rolling the mala beads. The image of the deity, with the third eye and the symbolic crescent moon, serpents, trident, drum, etc. occupies the mind on one level. The mantra OM Namah Shivaya is simultaneously being repeated, and on another level is being embedded in the consciousness. Repetition of the mantra has a cumulative effect, and with continued practice it gains in power. It should be evident that japa meditation is far more than a verbal exercise. It is a state of complete absorption. Concluding prayer and rest are important. When japa practice is finished, it is advisable not to plunge immediately into worldly activity. Sitting quietly for about ten minutes, one should reflect on the Lord and feel His presence. As routine duties are commenced, the spiritual vibrations will remain intact. This current should be maintained at all times, no matter what one is engaged in. When doing manual work, give the hands to work but give the mind to God. When the mantra can be repeated throughout the day, God-consciousness will permeate one's life. Questions: Q1. Define a mantra. Q2. What is a saguna mantra?