As the year 2017 draws to an end, it is imperative that Africa should measure its clean energy access achievements, re-evaluate its strategies and take actions to help the continent realize the sustainable energy future long envisaged; a continent with Affordable, Reliable and Sustainable power. The trio of Affordability, Reliability and Sustainability of energy is the United Nation’s Millennium Development goal 7 and it appears it’s most relevant and applicable in Africa (relative to other energy starved regions of the world).
It could be said that in spite of the recent media buzz about the enormous potential of clean energy technologies such as solar power in Africa, on the ground progress has not matched the hype and growing sensation about solar power development in the region. Several countries, cities, communities and households in Africa still receive a very infinitesimal fraction of estimated power demand and power generation sources are yet to be dominated by clean technologies.
As Africa goes into 2018, it’s critical that clean energy and energy access expansion stakeholders sustain the momentum. It’s even more critical that the lessons from the past be clearly delineated and subsequently incorporated into future projects, programs and policies.
Broadly speaking, deal flows in the region have increased in the past two (2) years, with several projects completed, several under development and numerous others announced. Specifically speaking, Africa has managed to prove that its off-grid and on-grid solar projects are bankable. This is evident in the continents project development footprints dominated by the world’s top solar companies and funders.
Recent On-Grid Process
Several countries in Africa are making meaningful progress on the on-gird side of solar. As at 2016, South Africa and Algeria were the leaders in solar power development for the continent. Amidst several growth drivers, policy has been identified as a key factor for the region. A 2016 Solarplaza report on the top 50 operational solar PV plants in Africa highlighted the importance of South Africa’s Renewable Energy Independent Power Project Procurement Program (REIPPPP). Widely described as a model policy, it has helped to deliver several benefits and put South Africa in the on-grid solar leadership position. According to a 2015 opinion from Internationalrivers.org:
REIPPPP is an efficient and innovative approach to a country-specific renewable policy; it relies on private sector actors – as opposed to the South African government – to realize renewable energy projects.
And the outcome? The Solarplaza’s 2016 report says “a good number of the largest African solar power plants are all located in South Africa, with the country hosting 29 of the 50 projects in the complete overview and 7 listings in the Top 10”. Between 2011 and 2014, through 4 separate auctions REIPPPP oversaw the award of 3634.42 MW worth of projects, totaling $13bn worth of investments.
The 90MW Solar Capital de Aar 3 owned by Solar Capital, 86MW Mulilo-Sonnedix-Prieska developed by Juwi Renewables and owned by Sonnedix are some of the exemplary operational plants in Africa. Elsewhere in Algeria, operational on-grid projects such as the 90MW High Plateau East Adrar owned by Sonelgaz and developed by a consortium of Sinohydro corp, Yingli Green Energy Holding and Hydrochina further demonstrate what is possible with the right development climate and partners.
In the “under developedment” solar project category, South Africa continues to lead in the number of announced projects according to a 2017 report by Solarplaza, trailed by Nigeria and Egypt. In June 2016, Nigeria announced several on-grid solar projects which are collectively expected to add about 1,100MW to the Nigerian grid (which is in a very poor state) .The Nigerian announcement followed months of regulatory reforms designed to help attract and optimize renewable energy investments. Although some of these projects are facing uncertainties and could likely miss their previously announced completion timelines, those that have progressed well could be expected to achieve major milestones in 2018 in the form of Final Investment Decision (FID) or commencement of construction. Furthermore, General Electric has two 100MW on-grid power projects planned in the Nigerian states of Niger and Borno. Scatec solar also has a 100MW planned on-grid project in Nigeria. Elsewhere in Djibouti, Ethiopia and Zimbabwe, Solaplaza has reported several planned on-grid projects ranging from 100MW to 300MW.
The International Energy Agency’s 2017 report on renewables forecasts that off-grid solar capacity in Africa is set to almost triple in the next five years. According to the report:
For the first time, Renewables 2017 tracks off-grid solar PV applications more closely in developing Asia and sub Saharan Africa. Over the forecast period, off-grid capacity in these regions will almost triple – reaching over 3,000 MW in 2022 – from industrial applications, solar home systems (SHSs), and mini-grids driven by government electrification programs, and private sector investments.
With these developments in the on-grid and off-grid sector, it can be said that the foundation has been laid for an accelerated solar power adoption in Africa. Current market players will continue to leverage their experience for achieving greater growth, while new market entrants will benefit from the ground-breaking work already done by the first movers.
It’s also expected that the tangible progress being made will help rally more funding for new products and project as well as spur expansion initiatives. Challenges remain on the regulatory side, where governments and policy makers are still perceived to be ambivalent. The delay in conducting a renewable energy auction in countries like Nigeria is an example. The continued support of fossil-based power initiatives such as coal in some countries, as well as refusal to dismantle import policies that render solar equipment uncompetitive and expensive in some countries are some of the other areas of concern.
If the momentum is sustained across all facets (regulatory incentives, facilitated access to finance, and best project/consumer frameworks) then Africa’s full electrification could be achieved even sooner that estimated.
However, the projected population growth in Africa is a potent threat to recent achievements. This is because population-driven increase in power demand has the potential to quickly erode progress made in both the on-grid and off-grid side. The UN’s projection that half of the world’s population growth by 2050 would be in Africa is a call for stakeholders to double their efforts and call for the development of effective solar access expansion initiatives. One promising strategy for accelerated growth is the strengthening of partnerships between African countries and other nations that have made significant progress in solar power development. Another strategy is to look inward to critically identify great success stories in Africa – such as the REIPPPP- and isolate the key lessons.
Africa’s energy access case is different, since its quest for clean energy is not borne solely out of environmental concerns but out of a genuine desire to use energy access to unlock economic opportunities and drive growth for small and big businesses. From an environmental perspective, it appears that Africa’s fossil endowment and decade-long familiarity with fossil energy sources and systems of power generation will continue to be a deterrent to the aggressive posture which it needs to take in order to optimize the benefits of solar; which also happens to be in abundance in the continent but hitherto neglected. comment
* Cover credit: flickr @BudapestBamako