GRUB is a boot loader designed to boot a wide range of operating systems from a wide range of filesystems. GRUB is becoming popular due to the increasing number of possible root filesystems that can Linux can reside upon.
GRUB is documented in a GNU info file. Type info grub to view the documentation.
The GRUB configuration file is /boot/grub/menu.lst. Some distributions use another configuration file; for example, Red Hat Linux uses the file /boot/grub/grub.conf.
GRUB configuration files are interpreted. Syntax errors will not be detected until the machine is rebooted, so take care not to make typing errors.
Edit the GRUB configuration file and remove any splashimage entries. If these entries are not removed GRUB 0.90 behaves very oddly, transferring control between the serial console and the attached monitor and keyboard.
If there is not already a password command in the GRUB configuration file then create a hashed password, see Figure 4-4. The password should be good, as it can be used to gain root access.
Figure 4-4. Using md5crypt to create a hashed password for GRUB
grub> md5crypt Password: ********** Encrypted: $1$U$JK7xFegdxWH6VuppCUSIb.
Use that hashed password in the GRUB configuration file, this is shown in Figure 4-5.
Define the serial port and configure GRUB to use the serial port, as shown in Figure 4-6.
Figure 4-6. GRUB configuration for serial console
serial --unit=0 --speed=9600 --word=8 --parity=no --stop=1 terminal serial
--unit is the number of the serial port, counting from zero, unit 0 being COM1.
Note that the values of --parity are spelt out in full: no, even and odd. The common abbreviations n, e and o are not accepted.
If there is mysteriously no output on the serial port then suspect a syntax error in the serial or terminal commands.
If you also want to use and attached monitor and keyboard as well as the serial port to control the GRUB boot loader then use the alternative configuration in Figure 4-7.
Figure 4-7. GRUB configuration for serial console and attached monitor and keybaord console
password --md5 $1$U$JK7xFegdxWH6VuppCUSIb. serial --unit=0 --speed=9600 --word=8 --parity=no --stop=1 terminal --timeout=10 serial console
When both the serial port and the attached monitor and keyboard are configured they will both ask for a key to be pressed until the timeout expires. If a key is pressed then the boot menu is displayed to that device. Disconcertingly, the other device sees nothing.
If no key is pressed then the boot menu is displayed on the whichever of serial or console is listed first in the terminal command. After the timeout set by the timeout the default option set by default is booted.
Figure 4-8. GRUB output to default device when configured for serial and attached monior output
Press any key to continue. Press any key to continue. Press any key to continue. Press any key to continue. Press any key to continue. Press any key to continue. Press any key to continue. Press any key to continue. Press any key to continue. Press any key to continue. GRUB version 0.90 (639K lower / 162752K upper memory) +-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | [ Red Hat Linux (2.4.9-21) ] | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Use the ^ and v keys to select which entry is highlighted. Press enter to boot the selected OS or 'p' to enter a password to unlock the next set of features. The highlighted entry will be booted automatically in 10 seconds.
If you are not using a VT100 terminal then the cursor keys may not work to select a GRUB menu item. The instructions shown in Figure 4-8 are literally correct: Use the ^ and v keys means that the caret key (Shift-6) moves the cursor up and letter vee key (V) moves the cursor down.
Note when configuring GRUB that there are two timeouts involved. Press any key to continue is printed for terminal --timeout=10 seconds, waiting for someone on the keyboard or terminal to press a key to get the input focus. Then the menu is displayed for timeout 10 seconds before the default boot option is taken.
If the terminal attached to the serial port is not a real or emulated VT100, then force GRUB to use it's command line interface. This interface is much more difficult to use than GRUB's menu interface; however, the command line interface does not assume the VT100's terminal language.
Figure 4-9. GRUB configuration for command line interface for terminals other than VT100
terminal --timeout=10 --dumb serial console
This HOWTO does not discuss the use of GRUB's command line. It is far too complex and error-prone to recommend for use on production machines. Wizards will know to consult GRUB's info manual for the commands required to boot the kernel.
GRUB's menu's can be edited interactively after P is pressed and the password supplied. A better approach is to add menu items to boot the machine into alternative run levels. A sample configuration showing a menu entry for the default run level and an alternative menu entry for single user mode (run level s) is shown in Figure 4-10. Remember to use the lock command to require a password for single user mode, as single user mode does not ask for a Linux password.
Figure 4-10. Adding a single user mode option to the GRUB menu
password --md5 $1$U$JK7xFegdxWH6VuppCUSIb. default 0 title Red Hat Linux (2.4.9-21) root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.4.9-21 ro root=/dev/hda6 initrd /initrd-2.4.9-21.img title Red Hat Linux (2.4.9-21) single user mode lock root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.4.9-21 ro root=/dev/hda6 s initrd /initrd-2.4.9-21.img
File names in the kernel and initrd commands are relative to the GRUB installation directory, which is usually /boot/grub. So /vmlinuz-2.4.9-21 is actually the file /boot/grub/vmlinuz-2.4.9-21.
GRUB is now configured to use the serial console. The kernels booted from GRUB are yet to be configured to use the serial console.