- Set of properties that guarantee database transactions are processed reliably. Stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability.
- Atomicity means that database operations are applied following a “all or nothing” rule. A transaction is either fully applied or not at all.
- Consistency means that each transaction that modifies the database takes it from one consistent state to another.
- Once a transaction is committed, it will remain so.
- Foreign Key
- A referential constraint between two tables. Example: A purchase order in the purchase_orders table must have been made by a customer that exists in the customers table.
- The Isolation requirement means that no transaction can interfere with another.
- InnoDB A
- Storage Engine for MySQL and derivatives (Percona Server, MariaDB) originally written by Innobase Oy, since acquired by Oracle. It provides ACID compliant storage engine with foreign key support. InnoDB is the default storage engine on all platforms.
Jenkins is a continuous integration system that we use to help ensure the continued quality of the software we produce. It helps us achieve the aims of:
- no failed tests in trunk on any platform,
- aid developers in ensuring merge requests build and test on all platforms,
- no known performance regressions (without a damn good explanation).
- Log Serial Number. A term used in relation to the InnoDB or XtraDB storage engines.
- A fork of MySQL that is maintained primarily by Monty Program AB. It aims to add features, fix bugs while maintaining 100% backwards compatibility with MySQL.
- A MySQL Storage Engine that was the default until MySQL 5.5.
- An open source database that has spawned several distributions and forks. MySQL AB was the primary maintainer and distributor until bought by Sun Microsystems, which was then acquired by Oracle. As Oracle owns the MySQL trademark, the term MySQL is often used for the Oracle distribution of MySQL as distinct from the drop-in replacements such as MariaDB and Percona Server.
- Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) is a computer memory design used in multiprocessing, where the memory access time depends on the memory location relative to a processor. Under NUMA, a processor can access its own local memory faster than non-local memory, that is, memory local to another processor or memory shared between processors. The whole system may still operate as one unit, and all memory is basically accessible from everywhere, but at a potentially higher latency and lower performance.
- Percona Server for MySQL
- Percona’s branch of MySQL with performance and management improvements.
- Percona Server
- See Percona Server for MySQL
- Storage Engine
- A Storage Engine is a piece of software that implements the details of data storage and retrieval for a database system. This term is primarily used within the MySQL ecosystem due to it being the first widely used relational database to have an abstraction layer around storage. It is analogous to a Virtual File System layer in an Operating System. A VFS layer allows an operating system to read and write multiple file systems (e.g. FAT, NTFS, XFS, ext3) and a Storage Engine layer allows a database server to access tables stored in different engines (e.g. MyISAM, InnoDB).
- Percona’s improved version of InnoDB providing performance, features and reliability above what is shipped by Oracle in InnoDB.
- Each InnoDB page (usually 16kb in size) contains a log sequence number, or LSN. The LSN is the system version number for the entire database. Each page’s LSN shows how recently it was changed.
- Storage engine which provides ACID-compliant transactions and foreign key support, among others improvements over MyISAM. It is the default engine for MySQL as of the 5.5 series.
- Previous default storage engine for MySQL for versions prior to 5.5. It
doesn’t fully support transactions but in some scenarios may be faster
than InnoDB. Each table is stored on disk in 3 files: .frm,i
- Global Transaction ID, in Percona XtraDB Cluster it consists of UUID and an ordinal sequence number which denotes the position of the change in the sequence.
- HAProxy is a free, very fast and reliable solution offering high availability, load balancing, and proxying for TCP and HTTP-based applications. It is particularly suited for web sites crawling under very high loads while needing persistence or Layer7 processing. Supporting tens of thousands of connections is clearly realistic with todays hardware. Its mode of operation makes its integration into existing architectures very easy and riskless, while still offering the possibility not to expose fragile web servers to the net.
- Incremental State Transfer. Functionality which instead of whole state snapshot can catch up with the group by receiving the missing writesets, but only if the writeset is still in the donor’s writeset cache.
State Snapshot Transfer is the full copy of data from one node to another. It’s used when a new node joins the cluster, it has to transfer data from an existing node.
Percona XtraDB Cluster: uses the xtrabackup program for this purpose. xtrabackup does not require
READ LOCKfor the entire syncing process - only for syncing the MySQL system tables and writing the information about the binlog, galera and slave information (same as the regular Percona XtraBackup backup).
The SST method is configured with the
In Percona XtraDB Cluster 8.0, the mysql_upgrade command is now run automatically as part of SST. You do not have to run it manually when upgrading your system from an older version.
Universally Unique IDentifier which uniquely identifies the state and the sequence of changes node undergoes. 128-bit UUID is a classic DCE UUID Version 1 (based on current time and MAC address). Although in theory this UUID could be generated based on the real MAC-address, in the Galera it is always (without exception) based on the generated pseudo-random addresses (“locally administered” bit in the node address (in the UUID structure) is always equal to unity).
Complete structure of the 128-bit UUID field and explanation for its generation are as follows:
From To Length Content 0 31 32 Bits 0-31 of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) as a count of 100-nanosecond intervals since 00:00:00.00, 15 October 1582, encoded as big-endian 32-bit number. 32 47 16 Bits 32-47 of UTC as a count of 100-nanosecond intervals since 00:00:00.00, 15 October 1582, encoded as big-endian 16-bit number. 48 59 12 Bits 48-59 of UTC as a count of 100-nanosecond intervals since 00:00:00.00, 15 October 1582, encoded as big-endian 16-bit number. 60 63 4 UUID version number: always equal to 1 (DCE UUID). 64 69 6 most-significants bits of random number, which generated from the server process PID and Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) as a count of 100-nanosecond intervals since 00:00:00.00, 15 October 1582. 70 71 2 UID variant: always equal to binary 10 (DCE variant). 72 79 8 8 least-significant bits of random number, which generated from the server process PID and Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) as a count of 100-nanosecond intervals since 00:00:00.00, 15 October 1582. 80 80 1 Random bit (“unique node identifier”). 81 81 1 Always equal to the one (“locally administered MAC address”). 82 127 46 Random bits (“unique node identifier”): readed from the
/dev/urandomis unavailable) generated based on the server process PID, current time and bits of the default “zero node identifier” (entropy data).
- Percona XtraBackup is an open-source hot backup utility for MySQL - based servers that doesn’t lock your database during the backup.
- Percona XtraDB is an enhanced version of the InnoDB storage engine, designed to better scale on modern hardware, and including a variety of other features useful in high performance environments. It is fully backwards compatible, and so can be used as a drop-in replacement for standard InnoDB. More information here .
- XtraDB Cluster
- Percona XtraDB Cluster is a high availability solution for MySQL.
- Percona XtraDB Cluster
- Percona XtraDB Cluster (PXC) is a high availability solution for MySQL.
- This file refers to the database server’s main configuration file. Most
Linux distributions place it as
/etc/my.cnf, but the location and name depends on the particular installation. Note that this is not the only way of configuring the server, some systems does not have one even and rely on the command options to start the server and its defaults values.
- cluster replication
- Normal replication path for cluster members. Can be encrypted (not by default) and unicast or multicast (unicast by default). Runs on tcp port 4567 by default.
- The directory in which the database server stores its databases. Most Linux
- donor node
- The node elected to provide a state transfer (SST or IST).
- Default prefix for tablespace files, e.g.
ibdata1is a 10MB autoextendable file that MySQL creates for the shared tablespace by default.
- joiner node
- The node joining the cluster, usually a state transfer target.
- A cluster node – a single mysql instance that is in the cluster.
- primary cluster
- A cluster with quorum. A non-primary cluster will not allow any
operations and will give
Unknown commanderrors on any clients attempting to read or write from the database.
- A majority (> 50%) of nodes. In the event of a network partition, only the cluster partition that retains a quorum (if any) will remain Primary by default.
- split brain
- Split brain occurs when two parts of a computer cluster are disconnected, each part believing that the other is no longer running. This problem can lead to data inconsistency.
- For each table, the server will create a file with the
.frmextension containing the table definition (for all storage engines).
Difference from previous major version 5.7
wsrep_sst_authvariable is no longer needed and has been removed.
- This role has all the privileges needed to run xtrabackup to create a backup on the donor node.
- This user (set up on the donor node) is assigned the mysql.pxc.sst.role and runs the xtrabackup to make backups. The password for this is randomly generated for each SST. The password is generated automatically for each SST.