The United States Department of the Interior (DOI) is a Cabinet department of the United States government that manages and conserves mainly federally owned land. These responsibilities are dissimilar from other countries’ Interior Departments or ministries, which tend to focus on police or security. It was administered by the United States Secretary of the Interior Secretary; the present Secretary of the Interior is Dirk Kempthorne of Idaho. A department for domestic concern was first considered by the First United States Congress in 1789, but those duties were placed in the Department of State. Its suggestion continued to percolate for a half-century and was supported by Presidents from James Madison to James Polk. The1846-48 Mexican-American War gave the proposal new steam as the responsibilities of the federal government grew. President Polk’s Secretary of the Treasury, Robert J. Walker became a vocal champion of creating the new department. In 1848, Walker stated in his annual report that several federal offices were placed in departments with which they had little to do. He noted that General Land Office had little to do with the Department of the Treasury. He also tinted the Indian Affairs office in the Department of War and the Patent Office in the State Department. He argued that all should be brought together in a new Department of the Interior.
A bill authorizing its creation passed the House of legislative body on February 15, 1849, and spent just over two weeks in the Senate. The Department was recognized on March 3, 1849, the eve of President Zachary Taylor’s inauguration, when the Senate voted 31 to 25 to create the Department. Its passage was postponed by Congressional Democrats who were reluctant to create more support opportunities for the incoming Whig administration. Many of the domestic concerns the Department initially dealt with were slowly transferred to other Departments. Other agencies became separate Departments, such as the Bureau of Agriculture, which later became the Department of Agriculture. However, land and natural resource management, Native American affairs, wildlife protection, and territorial affairs remain the responsibilities of the Department of the Interior. As of mid-2004, the Department managed 507 million acres (2,050,000 km²) of surface land, or about one-fifth of the land in the United States. It manages 476 dams and 348 reservoirs through the Bureau of Reclamation, 388 national parks, monuments, seashore sites, etc. through the National Park Service, and 544 national wildlife refuges through the Fish and Wildlife Service. Energy projects on federally managed lands and offshore areas supply about 28 percent of the nation’s energy production.